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Bixbyite-(Mn)

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Bixbyite-(Mn)

Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA

Bixbyite-(Mn), etc.

N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Joe Morolong Local Municipality, John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa

Bixbyite-(Mn)

Caspar quarry, Ettringen, Vordereifel, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Bixbyite-(Mn)

Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA

Bixbyite-(Mn), etc.

N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Joe Morolong Local Municipality, John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa

Bixbyite-(Mn)

Caspar quarry, Ettringen, Vordereifel, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Bixbyite-(Mn)

Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA

Bixbyite-(Mn), etc.

N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Joe Morolong Local Municipality, John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa

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About Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Formula:

Mn³⁺₂O₃

May contain up to about 50 mol% Fe₂O₃, where it transitions into bixbyite-(Fe). In the type material, the Mn:Fe ratio is nearly 1.1.

Colour:

Black

Lustre:

Metallic

Hardness:

6 - 6½

Specific Gravity:

4.945

Crystal System:

Isometric

Name:

For Maynard Bixby (1853-1935), prospector, miner, mine broker, author, explorer of the Thomas Range, and mineral dealer of Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, who collected and provided the first specimens. He published several editions of the authoritative "Catalogue of Utah Minerals and Localities" and authored articles on several mineral localities in the western states. The suffix was added in 2021 to distinguish it from bixbyite-(Fe).

Type Locality:

ⓘ Maynard's Mine, Pismire Knolls, Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA

The Mn analogue of bixbyite-(Fe); newly defined in December 2021 (IMA 21-H). Belongs to the Bixbyite Series.
An orthorhombic analogue (space group Pcab) of Mn³⁺₂O₃ is known.

The Thomas Range bixbyites may bear exomorphically exsolved jacobsite on its surfaces.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

691

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:691:2

Similar NamesHide

Bixbite	A synonym of 'Red Beryl'
Bixbyite-(Fe)	A valid IMA mineral species	(Fe,Mn)₂O₃

IMA Classification of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

IMA status notes:

Redefined by the IMA

First published:

1897

Approval history:

Redefined IMA 21-H - Miyawaki et al. (2022).

Classification of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

4.CB.10

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations

Dana 8th ed.:

4.3.7.2

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A₂X₃

Hey's CIM Ref.:

7.19.1

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
19 : Oxides of Mn and Fe

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Bxb	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Bxb	Whitney & Evans (2010)	Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
Bxb	Warr (2020)	Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30

Physical Properties of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Lustre:

Metallic

Transparency:

Opaque

Colour:

Black

Streak:

Black

Hardness:

6 - 6½ on Mohs scale

Hardness:

VHN₁₀₀=946 - 1402 kg/mm² - Vickers

Cleavage:

Imperfect/Fair
on {111}, in traces

Fracture:

Irregular/Uneven

Density:

4.945 g/cm³ (Measured) 5.031 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Type:

Isotropic

Reflectivity:

Wavelength	R₁ (%)
400nm	24.7%
420nm	24.1%
440nm	23.5%
460nm	23.0%
480nm	22.8%
500nm	22.9%
520nm	23.3%
540nm	23.6%
560nm	23.5%
580nm	23.2%
600nm	22.9%
620nm	22.7%
640nm	22.4%
660nm	22.2%
680nm	22.2%
700nm	22.1%

Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 24.7%.

Chemistry of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Mindat Formula:

Mn³⁺₂O₃

May contain up to about 50 mol% Fe₂O₃, where it transitions into bixbyite-(Fe). In the type material, the Mn:Fe ratio is nearly 1.1.

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
Mn	69.597 %
O	30.403 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Mn, O - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Al,Mg,Si,Ti

Crystallography of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Crystal System:

Isometric

Class (H-M):

m3(2/m3) - Diploidal

Space Group:

Ia3

Cell Parameters:

a = 9.411 Å

Unit Cell V:

833.50 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Cubes, rarely modified by {112} or {111}, commonly striated and occasionally deeply pitted, to 6 cm; also massive.

Twinning:

On {111}, as penetration twins.

Crystallographic forms of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Crystal Atlas:

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Bixbyite no.1 - {100} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by www.smorf.nl.

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Temp (K)
0009392	Bixbyite-(Mn)	Geller S (1971) Structures of alpha-Mn203, (MnO.983Fe0.017)203 and (Mn0.37Fe0.63)2O3 and relation to magnetic ordering Acta Crystallographica B27 821-828	1971	293
0009391	Bixbyite-(Mn)	Geller S (1971) Structures of alpha-Mn203, (MnO.983Fe0.017)203 and (Mn0.37Fe0.63)2O3 and relation to magnetic ordering Acta Crystallographica B27 821-828	1971	293
0010577	Bixbyite-(Mn)	Dachs H (1956) Die kristallstruktur des bixbyits (Fe,Mn)2O3 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 107 370-395	1956	293
0018126	Bixbyite-(Mn)	Pauling L, Shappell M (1930) The Crystal Structure of Bixbyite and the C-Modification of the Sesquioxides _cod_database_code 1011266 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 75 128-142	1930	293
0017467	Bixbyite-(Mn)	Zachariasen W (1928) Untersuchungen ueber die Kristallstruktur von Sesquioxyden und Verbindungen ABO3 _cod_database_code 1010586 Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo 1 1-165	1928	293
0018124	Bixbyite-(Mn)	Zachariasen W (1928) Ueber die Kristallstruktur von Bixbyit, sowie vom kuenstlichen Mn2 O3. _cod_database_code 1011264 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 67 455-464	1928	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Bixbyite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Geller S'
_journal_name_full 'Acta Crystallographica, Section B'
_journal_volume 27 
_journal_year 1971
_journal_page_first 821
_journal_page_last 828
_publ_section_title
;
 Structures of alpha-Mn203, (MnO.983Fe0.017)203 and (Mn0.37Fe0.63)2O3
 and relation to magnetic ordering
 Sample: (Mn0.37Fe0.63)2O3
;
_database_code_amcsd 0009392
_chemical_formula_sum '(Fe1.26 Mn.74) O3'
_cell_length_a 9.4126
_cell_length_b 9.4126
_cell_length_c 9.4126
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 833.928
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      5.066
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'I a 3'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '1/2+x,1/2+y,1/2+z'
  '1/2+z,x,1/2-y'
  '+z,1/2+x,-y'
  '1/2+z,-x,y'
  '+z,1/2-x,1/2+y'
  '-z,x,1/2+y'
  '1/2-z,1/2+x,+y'
  '-z,-x,-y'
  '1/2-z,1/2-x,1/2-y'
  '1/2+y,1/2-z,-x'
  '+y,-z,1/2-x'
  '-y,1/2-z,x'
  '1/2-y,-z,1/2+x'
  '1/2-y,z,-x'
  '-y,1/2+z,1/2-x'
  'y,z,x'
  '1/2+y,1/2+z,1/2+x'
  'x,1/2-y,1/2+z'
  '1/2+x,-y,+z'
  '-x,y,1/2+z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,+z'
  'x,1/2+y,-z'
  '1/2+x,+y,1/2-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
  '1/2-x,1/2-y,1/2-z'
  '1/2-z,-x,1/2+y'
  '-z,1/2-x,+y'
  '1/2-z,x,-y'
  '-z,1/2+x,1/2-y'
  'z,-x,1/2-y'
  '1/2+z,1/2-x,-y'
  'z,x,y'
  '1/2+z,1/2+x,1/2+y'
  '1/2-y,1/2+z,x'
  '-y,+z,1/2+x'
  'y,1/2+z,-x'
  '1/2+y,+z,1/2-x'
  '1/2+y,-z,x'
  '+y,1/2-z,1/2+x'
  '-y,-z,-x'
  '1/2-y,1/2-z,1/2-x'
  '-x,1/2+y,1/2-z'
  '1/2-x,+y,-z'
  'x,-y,1/2-z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,-z'
  '-x,1/2-y,z'
  '1/2-x,-y,1/2+z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
Fe1   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.63000
Mn1   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.37000
Fe2   0.28473   0.00000   0.25000   0.63000
Mn2   0.28473   0.00000   0.25000   0.37000
O   0.13527   0.13950  -0.08830   1.00000
loop_
_atom_site_aniso_label
_atom_site_aniso_U_11
_atom_site_aniso_U_22
_atom_site_aniso_U_33
_atom_site_aniso_U_12
_atom_site_aniso_U_13
_atom_site_aniso_U_23
Fe1 0.00570 0.00570 0.00570 0.00081 0.00081 0.00081
Mn1 0.00570 0.00570 0.00570 0.00081 0.00081 0.00081
Fe2 0.00772 0.00803 0.00718 0.00000 0.00000 -0.00162
Mn2 0.00772 0.00803 0.00718 0.00000 0.00000 -0.00162
O 0.00821 0.00557 0.01212 -0.00328 -0.00085 0.00224

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.72 Å	(100)
1.664 Å	(30)
3.84 Å	(25)
2.01 Å	(14)
1.845 Å	(14)
1.4191 Å	(14)
2.35 Å	(12)

Locality:

Maynard's Mine, Pismire Knolls, Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA

Comments:

Recorded on synthetic Mn2O3

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism
32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits

Geological Setting:

In rhyolites; in metamorphosed manganese ores.

Type Occurrence of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Maynard's Mine, Pismire Knolls, Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, number 1.6369.

Geological Setting of Type Material:

In lithophysal cavities in rhyolite.

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Beryl	Hematite	Pseudobrookite	Quartz	Sanidine
Topaz

Synonyms of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Other Language Names for Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Dutch:Bixbyiet-(Mn)

German:Bixbyit-(Mn)
Bixbyit
Manganbixbyit
Sitaparit

Russian:Биксбиит

Simplified Chinese:方锰铁矿
方铁锰矿

Spanish:Bixbyita
Manganbixbyita
Sitaparita

Traditional Chinese:方錳鐵礦
方鐵錳礦

Relationship of Bixbyite-(Mn) to other SpeciesHide

Forms a series with:

Bixbyite-(Fe)

Bixbyite Series

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

406 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Topaz	Al₂(SiO₄)(F,OH)₂
57 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Pseudobrookite	Fe³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅
36 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Hematite	Fe₂O₃
32 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Quartz	SiO₂
24 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with 'Rhyolite'
17 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with 'Red Beryl'
15 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Calcite	CaCO₃
15 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Fluorite	CaF₂
12 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Manganite	Mn³⁺O(OH)
12 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with 'Mangan-diaspore'	(Al,Mn)O(OH)

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

4.CB.	Magnesiohögbomite-6N12S	Mg₅Al₁₁TiO₂₃(OH)	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.	Kidodite	BaMg₂Fe₁₆O₂₇	Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P6₃/mmc
4.CB.	Ferrohögbomite-2N2S	[(Fe²⁺,Mg,Zn,Al)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.	Zhenruite	(MoO₃)₂ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
4.CB.	Fuyuanite	Mg₇Nb₆O₁₈(OH)₈	Trig. 3 : P3
4.CB.	Virgilluethite	MoO₃ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
4.CB.	Pengite	(Pb₈Sb³⁺₃)_Σ11Sb⁵⁺₉O₃₅	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.05	Brizziite	NaSb⁵⁺O₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Tistarite	Ti³⁺₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Hematite	Fe₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Ecandrewsite	ZnTiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Melanostibite	Mn²⁺₂Fe³⁺Sb⁵⁺O₆	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	'UM1998-11-O-AuHSb'	Au⁺₂Sb³⁺O₂(OH)
4.CB.05	Karelianite	V³⁺₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Corundum	Al₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Eskolaite	Cr₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Geikielite	MgTiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Akimotoite	MgSiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	'Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide)'	FeCrO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	'Auroantimonate'	AuSbO₃
4.CB.05	Hemleyite	Fe²⁺SiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Pyrophanite	Mn²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.10	Bixbyite-(Fe)	(Fe,Mn)₂O₃	Iso.
4.CB.10	Avicennite	Tl³⁺₂O₃	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Ia3
4.CB.15	Armalcolite	MgTi⁴⁺₂O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
4.CB.15	Ferropseudobrookite	Fe²⁺Ti⁴⁺₂O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15	Griffinite	Al₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15	Pseudobrookite Group
4.CB.15	Sassite	Ti³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15	Pseudobrookite	Fe³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.20	Zincovelesite-6N6S	Zn₃(Fe³⁺,Mn³⁺,Al,Ti)₈O₁₅(OH)	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-2N4S	(Mg_8.43Fe²⁺_1.57)_Σ=10Al₂₂Ti⁴⁺₂O₄₆(OH)₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S	(Mg₆Al₂)(Al₁₈Fe³⁺₂)O₃₈(OH)₂	Trig. 3m : P3m1
4.CB.20	Zincohögbomite-2N6S	[(Zn,Mg)₇(Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)₁₆O₃₁(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₆	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺,Zn)₄(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₁₀O₁₉(OH)]₂	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31m
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃[Al₇(Ti,Fe³⁺)]O₁₅(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	'Ferrohögbomite-6N12S'	[(Fe²⁺,Mg,Zn)₅(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₁₂O₂₃(OH)]₆	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.20	Zincohögbomite-2N2S	[(Zn,Al,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)₈O₁₅(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.25	Kleberite	FeTi₆O₁₁(OH)₅	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
4.CB.25	Pseudorutile	Fe³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺₃O₉	Hex. 622 : P6₃22
4.CB.30	Oxyvanite	V³⁺₂V⁴⁺O₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.30	Berdesinskiite	V³⁺₂TiO₅	Mon.
4.CB.30	Kaitianite	Ti³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35	Machiite	Al₂Ti₃O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35	Vestaite	(Ti⁴⁺Fe²⁺)Ti⁴⁺₃O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35	Olkhonskite	(Cr,V)₂Ti₃O₉	Mon.
4.CB.35	Schreyerite	V³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺₃O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.40	Zincorinmanite-(Zn)	Zn₂Sb₂(Fe³⁺₄Zn₂)O₁₄(OH)₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Majindeite	Mg₂Mo₃O₈	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Almagreraite	CuZnMn⁴⁺₃O₈	Orth. mm2 : Pmn2₁
4.CB.40	Kamiokite	Fe₂Mo₃O₈	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Nolanite	V³⁺₈Fe³⁺₂O₁₄(OH)₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Iseite	Mn₂Mo₃O₈	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Rinmanite	Zn₂Sb₂Mg₂Fe₄O₁₄(OH)₂	Hex. 6 : P6₃
4.CB.45	Stibioclaudetite	AsSbO₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
4.CB.45	Claudetite	As₂O₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
4.CB.50	Senarmontite	Sb₂O₃	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.CB.50	Arsenolite	As₂O₃	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.CB.55	Valentinite	Sb₂O₃	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pccn
4.CB.60	Bismite	Bi₂O₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
4.CB.65	Sphaerobismoite	Bi₂O₃	Tet.
4.CB.70	Sillénite	Bi₁₂SiO₂₀	Iso. 23 : I23
4.CB.75	Kyzylkumite	V³⁺Ti₂O₅(OH)	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
4.CB.80	'Tietaiyangite'	Fe³⁺₄Fe²⁺TiO₉	Hex.
4.CB.85	Liuite	FeTiO₃	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
4.CB.90	Luogufengite	Fe₂O₃	Orth. mm2 : Pna2₁
4.CB.95	Wangdaodeite	FeTiO₃	Trig. 3m : R3c

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

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https://www.mindat.org/min-691.html
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References for Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Reference List:

Penfield, S.L. and Foote, H.W. (1897) On bixbyite, a new mineral, and notes on the associated topaz. American Journal of Science: 4: 105-108.

Penfleld, S.L.; Poote, H.W. (1897) Ueber Bixbyit, ein neues Mineral, mit einer Notiz über den begleitenden Topas. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 28 (1-6). 592-595 doi:10.1524/zkri.1897.28.1.592

Fermor, L.L. (1909) Geological Survey of India, Rec.: 37: 199.

Fermor, Lewis Leigh (1909) The manganese ore deposits of India. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India Vol. 37. Geological Survey of India

Pauling, Linus; Shappell, M. D. (1930) The Crystal Structure of Bixbyite and the C-Modification of the Sesquioxides. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 75 (1). p.128-142. doi:10.1515/zkri-1930-0109

Orcel, Jean, Pavlovitch, Stoyan (1931) Les caractères microscopiques des oxydes de manganèse et des manganites naturels (Détermination de leurs pouvoirs réflecteurs) Bulletin de Minéralogie, 54 (5) 108-179 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1931.4130

Cortelezzi, J., Himmel, H., Schroeder, R. (1934) Bixbyit von Patagonien. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, 129-135.

Montgomery, Arthur (1934) A recent find of bixbyite and associated minerals in Thomas Range, Utah. American Mineralogist, 19 (2) 82-87

Pabst, Adolf (1938) Orientation of bixbyite on topaz. American Mineralogist, 23 (5) 342-346

Mason, Brian (1942) Bixbyite from Långban. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 64 (2) 117-125 doi:10.1080/11035894209445090

de Villiers, J.E. (1943) A preliminary description of the new mineral partridgeite. American Mineralogist: 28: 336-338. (as partridgeite)

de Villiers, J.E., Fleischer, M. (1943) A discussion: Bixbyite-sitaparite-partridgeite. American Mineralogist: 28: 468-469.

Mason, B. (1944) The system Fe2O3-Mn2O3: some comments on the names bixbyite, sitaparite, partridgeite. American Mineralogist: 29: 66-69.

Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.pp.550-551

Dachs, H. (1956) Die Kristallstruktur des Bixbyits (Fe,Mn)2O3. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 107, 370-395.

Dachs, H. (1956) Die Kristallstruktur des Bixbyits (Fe,Mn)2O3. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 107(5-6), 370-395.

Swanson, H.E., Cook, M.I., Isaccs, T., Evans, E.H. (1960) Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns. United States Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Circular 539, 9, 37-39. (as partridgeite)

Ramdohr, Paul (1969) The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp. doi:10.1016/c2013-0-10027-x

Geller, S. (1971) Structures of alpha-Mn2O3, (Mn0.983Fe0.017)2O3 and (Mn0.37Fe0.63)2O3 and relation to magnetic ordering. Acta Crystallographica: 27: 821-828.

Geller, S. (1971) Structure of α-Mn₂O₃, (Mn_0.983Fe_0.017)₂O₃ and (Mn_0.37Fe_0.63)₂O₃ and relation to magnetic ordering. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 27 (4). 821-828 doi:10.1107/s0567740871002966

Moore, Paul B., Araki, Takaharu (1976) Braunite: its structure and relationship to bixbyite, and some insights on the genealogy of fluorite derivative structures. American Mineralogist, 61 (11-12) 1226-1240

Mitchell, R.S. (1987) Who's who in mineral names: John George Cowles and Maynard Bixby. Rocks & Minerals: 62: 120-123.

de Villiers, Johan P., Buseck, Peter R. (1989) Stacking variations and nonstoichiometry in the bixbyite-braunite polysomatic mineral group. American Mineralogist, 74 (11-12) 1325-1336

Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. - Ed. (1997) Handbook of Mineralogy Vol. 3 - Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona. p.1-682.pp.66-66

(2005) Bixbyite-(Mn). Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Bevan, D. J. M., Martin, R. L. (2008) The role of the coordination defect: A new structural description of four fluorite-related sesquioxide minerals, bixbyite (Mn2O3), braunite (Mn7SiO12), braunite II (CaMn14SiO24), parwelite (Mn10Sb2As2Si2O24), and their structural relationships. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 181. 2250-2259 doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2008.04.046

Peter, Johannes, Trapp, Maximilian, Lauterbach, Stefan, Gollé-Leidreiter, Philipp, Kolb, Ute, Kleebe, Hans-Joachim (2021) Exomorphism of jacobsite precipitates in bixbyite single crystals from the Thomas Range in Utah. American Mineralogist, 106 (7) 1163-1171 doi:10.2138/am-2021-7715ccbyncnd

Miyawaki, Ritsuro, Hatert, Frédéric, Pasero, Marco, Mills, Stuart J. (2021) CNMNC Newsletter 64. IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) Mineralogical Magazine, 86 (1) 178-182 doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.93

Støckler, Kristoffer Andreas Holm, Roth, Nikolaj, Grønbech, Thomas Bjørn Egede, Iversen, Bo Brummerstedt (2022) Epitaxial intergrowths and local oxide relaxations in natural bixbyite Fe_2−xMn_xO₃. IUCrJ, 9 (4). 523-532 doi:10.1107/s2052252522006315

Localities for Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Showing 152 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Argentina
Chubut Province Mártires Department Las Plumas Valle de las Plumas ⓘ Bixbyite occurrence ?	Schiller et al. (1931) +2 other references

Australia
Queensland Cloncurry Shire Rosebud Station Mary Kathleen district ⓘ Mary Kathleen Mine	T.Kwak & P.Abeysinghe: "Rare earth and ... +1 other reference
Western Australia East Pilbara Shire Ripon Hills District ⓘ Ripon Hills manganese prospects	The Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (1977)
ⓘ Woodie Woodie Manganese Mine	Jones et al. (2013)

Austria
Carinthia Spittal an der Drau District Heiligenblut am Großglockner Zirmsee area ⓘ Gold mine (Goldzeche)	Pichler (2009)
ⓘ Goldzechscharte (Goldzechkopfscharte) ?	Exel (1993)
Salzburg Zell am See District Rauris Alteck - Hoher Sonnblick area ⓘ Goldzechkopf	Strasser (1989)
Tyrol Innsbruck-Land District Navis ⓘ Unterweg	Brandstätter et al. (2015)
Lienz District Prägraten am Großvenediger Dorferbach valley ⓘ Dorf Alp ?	Kolitsch (2017)

Bolivia
Potosí Sud Chichas Province Atocha Municipality Chocaya-Animas mining district (Animas-Chocaya mining district) ⓘ Chocaya mine ?	- (2005)

Brazil
Bahia Urandi ⓘ Urandi Mn deposit	Varentsov (1996)
Goiás Iporá ⓘ Fazenda Buriti alkaline complex	Santos et al. (2024)

Bulgaria
Pazardzhik Province Panagyurishte Municipality ⓘ Dalgi Rid ore occurrence	Chavdarova et al. (2022)

China
Guangdong Yunfu Luoding Co. ⓘ Xinrong Mn-Ag deposit	Guicheng Huang et al. (2001)
Hubei Wuhan Huangpi District ⓘ Tuanshangou Mine	Jingqu Yao (1992)
Hunan Yiyang Heshan District ⓘ Tangganshan Mine	Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977)
Jiangxi Jingdezhen Leping Co. ⓘ Lehua Mn-Pb-Zn deposit	Guilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology et al. (1976) +1 other reference
Liaoning Chaoyang Chaoyang County ⓘ Wafangzi Fe-Mn deposit	Fan et al. (1999)
Shanxi Datong Lingqiu County ⓘ Donggou Mine	Shaozhi Zhou (1999)
ⓘ Mapo-Shanshenmiao Mn-Ag deposit	Qingrong Zheng et al. (2012)

Egypt
Giza Governorate Black Desert El Bahariya Depression ⓘ El Gedida Mine	El-Habaak et al. (2016)
South Sinai Governorate Abu Zeneima (Abu Zenima) ⓘ Umm Bugma (Um Bogma)	Ibrahim (2000)

France
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Haute-Saône Lure Esmoulières Saphoz ⓘ La Corveraine workings	Wittern et al. (1997)
Grand Est Vosges Saint-Dié-des-Vosges Gérardmer ⓘ Le Haut-Poirot	Weil et al. (1958)
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Barcelonnette Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye Maljasset ⓘ Combe Brémond	Bourbon et al. (1972)

Germany
Baden-Württemberg Freiburg Region Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald Eisenbach ⓘ Fahlenbach	Walenta (1992)
Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis Unterkirnach ⓘ Ferdinand Mine	Walenta (1992)
Bavaria Lower Franconia Aschaffenburg District Sailauf Hartkoppe ⓘ Fuchs Quarry	Lorenz (2004)
Rhineland-Palatinate Mayen-Koblenz Mendig Bell ⓘ Rothenberg Quarry	Schüller (2013) +1 other reference
Vordereifel Ettringen ⓘ Caspar quarry	Hentschel (1980)
Vulkaneifel Gerolstein Hohenfels-Essingen ⓘ Feuerberg	Blaß et al. (2001)
Kelberg Drees ⓘ Niveligsberg ?	Schüller (1990)
Thuringia Gotha District Friedrichroda Gottlob Hill ⓘ Glücksstern Mine	Marcus Voigt Collection (analysed by Dr. Massanek, Bergakademie Freiberg) +2 other references

Greece
Attica East Attica Marathon ⓘ Varnavas	Stouraiti et al. (2022)

India
Andhra Pradesh Vizianagaram District ⓘ Devada deposit	Raju et al. (1972)
ⓘ Garbham deposit	Sivaprakash (1980)
ⓘ Garividi deposit	Sivaprakash (1981)
ⓘ Koduru Mine	Sivaprakash (1980)
ⓘ Sadanandapuram deposit	Sivaprakash (1980)
Indian Plate Eastern Ghats Belt ⓘ Boringpadar-Amath Sector	Yadav (2022)
Karnataka Ballari District Bellary-Hospet iron belt Sandur ⓘ Donimalai Mine	Rao et al. (1979)
Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur Division Balaghat District ⓘ Balaghat Mine	Sarkar (2015)
ⓘ Bharveli manganese mine	Roy (1962)
Chhindwara District ⓘ Gowari Wadhona Mine	Roy et al. (1968) +1 other reference
ⓘ Sitapur village	Chemical abstracts +1 other reference
Jhabua District ⓘ Kajlidongri Mine	Nayak (1966)
Maharashtra Nagpur Division Bhandara District ⓘ Chikala	Dasgupta et al. (1984)
ⓘ Chikla mines	S.P. Deshpande (1959)
ⓘ Dongri Buzurg Mine	S.P. Deshpande (1959)
Odisha Sundargarh District (Sundergarh District) ⓘ Ghoriajhor-Monmunda area	Nicholson et al. (1997)

Iran
Sistan and Baluchestan Province Zahedan County Dehoo ⓘ Dehoo manganese deposit	Lotfi et al. (2017)

Italy
Liguria La Spezia Province ⓘ Riccò del Golfo (Seramaì)	Di Lisi S.
Lombardy Sondrio Province Lanzada Scerscen Valley ⓘ Lower Scerscen Glacier	Bedogné et al. (1993) +1 other reference
ⓘ Malenco Valley	- (n.d.)

Japan
Nagasaki Prefecture Nishisonogi District ⓘ Ohgushi (Ogushi)	Miyahisa (1957)

Mexico
Chihuahua Guachochi Municipality ⓘ Barrancas del Cobre (Copper Canyons)	Anthony et al. (1997)
Durango Durango Municipality Cerro de los Remedios Victoria de Durango ⓘ Cerro de Mercado Mine
Michoacan Coalcomám Municipality ⓘ La Hueca Mine (Sapo Negro)	Ref.: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas et al. (2000)
San Luis Potosí Villa de Arriaga Municipality ⓘ Tepetate	Anthony et al. (1997)

Namibia
Erongo Region Dâures Constituency Spitzkoppe area ⓘ Klein Spitzkoppe	Cairncross (2005)
ⓘ Stiepelmann Mine ?	Bezing et al. (2007)
Otjozondjupa Region Omatako Constituency ⓘ Otjosondu	von Bezing (2007) +1 other reference
ⓘ Otjiwarongo Constituency	Anthony et al. (1997)

Pakistan
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Abbottabad District Hazira Formation ⓘ Chura Gali prospect	Tahir Shah et al. (2007)
ⓘ Galdanian prospect	Tahir Shah et al. (2007)
ⓘ Kakul prospect	Tahir Shah et al. (2007)

Romania
Caraş-Severin County Brebu ⓘ Delineşti deposit	Hârtopanu et al. (1996)

Russia
Khabarovsk Krai Taikan Ridge Ir-Nimi manganese deposit ⓘ Dzhavodi area	V.V. Kalinin data
Khakassia (Republic of Khakassia) Askizsky Rayon Askiz ore district ⓘ Chapsordag deposit	Kassandrov et al. (2009)
ⓘ Malosyrsky deposit	Kassandrov et al. (2009)
Primorsky Krai Khasansky District ⓘ Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve	Timofeeva et al. (2014)
Sverdlovsk Oblast Serovsky District Turya river Tur'insk ⓘ Vorontsovskoe deposit (Vorontsovsk gold deposit; Vorontsovka deposit)	Kasatkin et al. (2021)

South Africa
North West Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality Ramotshere Moiloa Local Municipality ⓘ Genadendal	Martini (1990) +1 other reference
Northern Cape ⓘ Gamagara Ridge	de Villiers (1943)
ⓘ Western Belt	Gutzmer (1996)
ⓘ Beeshoek Mine	Gutzmer (1996)
ⓘ Bishop farm	Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference
ⓘ Doornfontein Farm	Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference
ⓘ Driehoekspan	Cairncross et al. (1995)
ⓘ Japie's Rus	Cairncross et al. (1995)
Gloucester Farm ⓘ Glosam Mining Village	Gutzmer (1996) +1 other reference
ⓘ Gloucester mine	Cairncross et al. (1995)
ⓘ Kapstewel	Gutzmer (1996)
ⓘ Lohatlha Mine	Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference
Magoloring Farm 668 ⓘ Japies Rus	Cairncross et al. (1995)
ⓘ Paling farm	Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference
John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality Joe Morolong Local Municipality Black Rock ⓘ Black Rock Mine	South African Micromount Society et al. (1989)
Hotazel ⓘ Hotazel Mine	Wilson et al. (1978)
ⓘ Mamatwan Mine	Preston (2009) +1 other reference
ⓘ Middelplaats Mine	Terracin (2014) +2 other references
N'Chwaning Mines ⓘ N'Chwaning I Mine	Pohl et al. (1991)
ⓘ N'Chwaning II Mine	South African Micromount Society et al. (1989) +1 other reference
ⓘ ~~N'Chwaning III Mine~~	King (n.d.)
ⓘ Wessels Mine	South African Micromount Society et al. (1989) +2 other references
ⓘ Postmasburg manganese field	Gaines (1991) +1 other reference
ZF Mgcawu District Municipality ⓘ Aucampsrust	Gutzmer (1996)

Spain
Canary Islands Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province Tenerife ⓘ ~~Alcala~~	Dill et al. (2023)
Arico ⓘ ~~Tajao~~	Dill et al. (2023)
Arona ⓘ ~~Centinela~~	Dill et al. (2023)
Granadilla de Abona ⓘ ~~La Mareta~~	Dill et al. (2023)
ⓘ ~~Los Abrigos~~	Dill et al. (2023)
ⓘ ~~Los Blanquitos~~	Dill et al. (2023)
ⓘ ~~Playa de Enramada~~	Dill et al. (2023)
Santiago del Teide ⓘ

Bixbyite-(Mn)

About Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

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