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Pseudobrookite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Photos of Pseudobrookite (1030)Discuss Pseudobrookite

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Pseudobrookite

Uroi Hill, Simeria, Hunedoara County, Romania

Pseudobrookite, etc.

Topaz Mountain, Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA

Pseudobrookite

Emmelberg, Üdersdorf, Daun, Vulkaneifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Pseudobrookite

Uroi Hill, Simeria, Hunedoara County, Romania

Pseudobrookite, etc.

Topaz Mountain, Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA

Pseudobrookite

Emmelberg, Üdersdorf, Daun, Vulkaneifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Pseudobrookite

Uroi Hill, Simeria, Hunedoara County, Romania

Pseudobrookite, etc.

Topaz Mountain, Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA

Hide all sections | Show all sections

About PseudobrookiteHide

Formula:

Fe³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅

Colour:

Brownish black, reddish brown, or black

Lustre:

Adamantine, Greasy, Metallic

Hardness:

Specific Gravity:

4.33 - 4.39

Crystal System:

Orthorhombic

Member of:

Pseudobrookite Group

Name:

From the Greek ψευδής, false, and brookite since its resemblance to brookite is misleading.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Uroi Hill (Arany Hill), Simeria, Hunedoara County, Romania

Dimorph of:

'Unnamed (Monoclinic polymorph of Pseudobrookite)'

Armalcolite-Pseudobrookite Series.
See also "karrooite" and compare also Unnamed (Monoclinic polymorph of pseudobrookite).

A larger number of synthetic analogues are known and well studied.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

3302

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:3302:8

IMA Classification of PseudobrookiteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

IMA status notes:

Redefined by the IMA

First published:

1878

Approval history:

Redefined 1988 s.p.: Bowles (1988).

Type description reference:

Koch, A. (1878) Neue Minerale. Pseudobrookite und Szabóit. Mineralogische und Petrographische Mittheilungen: 1: 77-79.

Classification of PseudobrookiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

4.CB.15

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations

Dana 8th ed.:

7.7.1.1

7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
7 : AB₂X₅

Hey's CIM Ref.:

7.9.16

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
9 : Oxides of Ti

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Pbrk	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Psb	Whitney & Evans (2010)	Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371

Physical Properties of PseudobrookiteHide

Lustre:

Adamantine, Greasy, Metallic

Transparency:

Transparent, Opaque

Comment:

Greasy on fractures, may be tarnished iridescent

Colour:

Brownish black, reddish brown, or black

Streak:

Reddish brown to ocher-yellow

Hardness:

6 on Mohs scale

Cleavage:

Distinct/Good
On {010} distinct

Fracture:

Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal

Density:

4.33 - 4.39 g/cm³ (Measured) 4.39 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of PseudobrookiteHide

Type:

Biaxial (+)

RI values:

n_α = 2.35 - 2.38 n_β = 2.36 - 2.39 n_γ = 2.38 - 2.42

2V:

Measured: 50° , Calculated: 80°

Max. Birefringence:

δ = 0.030 - 0.040
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.

Thickness: 30 µm Order divisions

Rotation:

Surface Relief:

Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).

This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral colouration.

Focus:

In focus

Interference Figure:

This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure - the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are isogyres.

Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.

Thickness: 30 µm

Stage rotation: 0°

Dispersion:

none

Optical Extinction:

Y = a; Z = c; X ∧ a = 26°.

Reflectivity:

Wavelength	R₁ (%)	R₂ (%)
400nm	22.8%	24.0%
420nm	21.9%	23.1%
440nm	21.2%	22.3%
460nm	20.5%	21.4%
480nm	19.8%	20.7%
500nm	19.4%	20.4%
520nm	19.0%	19.9%
540nm	18.5%	19.3%
560nm	18.1%	18.8%
580nm	17.8%	18.5%
600nm	17.5%	18.1%
620nm	17.3%	17.9%
640nm	17.1%	17.7%
660nm	17.0%	17.6%
680nm	16.8%	17.4%
700nm	16.7%	17.3%

Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 24.0%.
R₁ shown in black, R₂ shown in red

Pleochroism:

Weak

Comments:

In browns.

Chemistry of PseudobrookiteHide

Mindat Formula:

Fe³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
Fe	46.624 %
O	33.394 %
Ti	19.982 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Fe, O, Ti - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of PseudobrookiteHide

Crystal System:

Orthorhombic

Class (H-M):

mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal

Space Group:

Cmcm

Cell Parameters:

a = 9.7965(25) Å, b = 9.9805(25) Å, c = 3.7301(1) Å

Ratio:

a:b:c = 0.982 : 1 : 0.374

Unit Cell V:

364.71 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Crystals usually tabular {100} and elongated [001]; long prismatic at times or needle-like [001]. {100} and {hk0} striated [001].

Twinning:

Reported on various {hk0} planes (doubtful).

Comment:

Space Group: Bbmm

Crystallographic forms of PseudobrookiteHide

Crystal Atlas:

Image Loading

Click on an icon to view

Pseudobrookite no.1 - {100} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Pseudobrookite no.7 - {100} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by www.smorf.nl.

Crystal StructureHide

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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4

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CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0002080	Pseudobrookite	Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137	1999	0	293
0002073	Pseudobrookite	Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137	1999	0	293
0018179	Pseudobrookite	Pauling L (1930) The crystal structure of pseudobrookite _cod_database_code 1011342 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 73 97-113	1930	0	293
0002081	Pseudobrookite	Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137	1999	1.03	293
0002074	Pseudobrookite	Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137	1999	1.03	293
0002082	Pseudobrookite	Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137	1999	2.16	293
0002075	Pseudobrookite	Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137	1999	2.16	293
0002083	Pseudobrookite	Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137	1999	3.22	293
0002076	Pseudobrookite	Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137	1999	3.22	293
0002084	Pseudobrookite	Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137	1999	4.34	293
0002077	Pseudobrookite	Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137	1999	4.34	293
0002085	Pseudobrookite	Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137	1999	6.2	293
0002078	Pseudobrookite	Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137	1999	6.2	293
0002086	Pseudobrookite	Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137	1999	7.51	293
0002079	Pseudobrookite	Yang H, Hazen R M (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with different ordering states American Mineralogist 84 130-137	1999	7.51	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Pseudobrookite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Yang H'
'Hazen R M'
_journal_name_full 'American Mineralogist'
_journal_volume 84 
_journal_year 1999
_journal_page_first 130
_journal_page_last 137
_publ_section_title
;
 Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi2O5, with
 different ordering states
 Sample P1400, x(Ti) in M1 = .485, P = 0.00 GPa
;
_database_code_amcsd 0002080
_chemical_formula_sum '(Mg Ti2) O5'
_cell_length_a 9.7602
_cell_length_b 9.9796
_cell_length_c 3.7479
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 365.056
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      3.640
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'B b m m'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '1/2+x,y,1/2+z'
  '-x,1/2+y,z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,1/2+z'
  'x,1/2-y,-z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,1/2-z'
  'x,y,-z'
  '1/2+x,y,1/2-z'
  '-x,-y,z'
  '1/2-x,-y,1/2+z'
  'x,1/2-y,z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,1/2+z'
  '-x,1/2+y,-z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,1/2-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
  '1/2-x,-y,1/2-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
Mg1   0.80850   0.25000   0.00000   0.51500   0.00633
Ti1   0.80850   0.25000   0.00000   0.48500   0.00633
Ti2   0.13570   0.43690   0.00000   0.75750   0.00697
Mg2   0.13570   0.43690   0.00000   0.24250   0.00697
O1   0.23410   0.25000   0.00000   1.00000   0.01469
O2   0.04670   0.88410   0.00000   1.00000   0.01051
O3   0.31100   0.93040   0.00000   1.00000   0.00849

Epitaxial Relationships of PseudobrookiteHide

Epitaxial Minerals:

'Hematite'	Fe₂O₃
'Magnetite'	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
'Rutile'	TiO₂

Epitaxy Comments:

Pseudobrookite on hematite with pseudobrookite {121}[210] parallel to hematite {0001}[1100].
Pseudobrookite on magnetite with pseudobrookite {100}[001] parallel to magnetite {111}[110].
Oriented inclusions of rutile in pseudobrookite.

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
3.486 Å	(100)
2.752 Å	(77)
4.901 Å	(42)
2.458 Å	(23)
1.8657 Å	(23)
2.407 Å	(22)
1.9733 Å	(22)

Comments:

Synthetic, ICDD 41-1432.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust	>4.50
10 : Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks	>3.0
35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere	<0.6
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals	<0.36
51 : Pyrometamorphic minerals (see also #54 and #56)	<0.36
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals	<10 Ka
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56)

Geological Setting:

Magmatic, post-volcanic or young volcanic rocks. Typically formed by pneumatolytic processes in titanium-rich andesite, rhyolite, basalt, etc., and by reactions with xenoliths within these; in lithophysae. Rarely in plutonic rocks.

Type Occurrence of PseudobrookiteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Uroi Hill (Arany Hill), Simeria, Hunedoara County, Romania

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

Pseudobrookite, Fe3+ 2Ti4+ O5, was first discovered and described on the basis of material from Măgura Uroiului, Romania. The structures and compositions determined for samples CMNMC 93855 and Á.59.6103, both from this locality (Table 2), are consistent with pseudobrookite (Tables 3 and 4; Figure 10; Supplements 4, 8 and 11). As explained above, an originally designated type specimen of pseudobrookite is not extant. Sample Á.59.6103 was donated by Prof. Antal Koch (who originally described this species: Koch 1878a) to the Hungarian National Museum prior to February 2, 1880; that is, shortly after the publication of the original description (personal communication, Gábor Papp). Sample Á.59.6103 has therefore been designated as the neotype of pseudobrookite. Sample CMNMC 93855 (BTL) Canadian Museum of Nature (obtained from Belkis Minerals) has been designated as the cotype for pseudobrookite.

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Reference:

Koch, A. (1878) Neue Minerale. Pseudobrookite und Szabóit. Mineralogische und Petrographische Mittheilungen: 1: 77-79.

Other Language Names for PseudobrookiteHide

Dutch:Pseudobrookiet

German:Pseudobrookit

Russian:Псевдобрукит

Simplified Chinese:假板钛矿
铁板钛矿

Spanish:Pseudobrookita

Varieties of PseudobrookiteHide

Chromium-bearing Kennedyite
Kennedyite	A Mg-bearing pseudobrookite.

Relationship of Pseudobrookite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Pseudobrookite Group

Other Members of Pseudobrookite Group:

Armalcolite	MgTi⁴⁺₂O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
Ferropseudobrookite	Fe²⁺Ti⁴⁺₂O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
Griffinite	Al₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
Sassite	Ti³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm

Forms a series with:

Armalcolite

Armalcolite-Pseudobrookite Series

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

203 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Hematite	Fe₂O₃
169 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Enstatite	Mg₂Si₂O₆
147 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Sanidine	K(AlSi₃O₈)
105 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Topaz	Al₂(SiO₄)(F,OH)₂
96 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Tridymite	SiO₂
57 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Bixbyite-(Mn)	Mn³⁺₂O₃
52 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Quartz	SiO₂
44 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Forsterite	Mg₂(SiO₄)
41 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Fluorophlogopite	KMg₃(Si₃Al)O₁₀F₂
35 photos of Pseudobrookite associated with Mullite	Al_4+2xSi_2-2xO_10-x

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

4.CB.	Magnesiohögbomite-6N12S	Mg₅Al₁₁TiO₂₃(OH)	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.	Kidodite	BaMg₂Fe₁₆O₂₇	Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P6₃/mmc
4.CB.	Ferrohögbomite-2N2S	[(Fe²⁺,Mg,Zn,Al)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.	Zhenruite	(MoO₃)₂ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
4.CB.	Fuyuanite	Mg₇Nb₆O₁₈(OH)₈	Trig. 3 : P3
4.CB.	Virgilluethite	MoO₃ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
4.CB.	Pengite	(Pb₈Sb³⁺₃)_Σ11Sb⁵⁺₉O₃₅	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.05	Brizziite	NaSb⁵⁺O₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Tistarite	Ti³⁺₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Hematite	Fe₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Ecandrewsite	ZnTiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Melanostibite	Mn²⁺₂Fe³⁺Sb⁵⁺O₆	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	'UM1998-11-O-AuHSb'	Au⁺₂Sb³⁺O₂(OH)
4.CB.05	Karelianite	V³⁺₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Corundum	Al₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Eskolaite	Cr₂O₃	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Geikielite	MgTiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Akimotoite	MgSiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	'Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide)'	FeCrO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	'Auroantimonate'	AuSbO₃
4.CB.05	Hemleyite	Fe²⁺SiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Pyrophanite	Mn²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.10	Bixbyite-(Fe)	(Fe,Mn)₂O₃	Iso.
4.CB.10	Bixbyite-(Mn)	Mn³⁺₂O₃	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Ia3
4.CB.10	Avicennite	Tl³⁺₂O₃	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Ia3
4.CB.15	Armalcolite	MgTi⁴⁺₂O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
4.CB.15	Ferropseudobrookite	Fe²⁺Ti⁴⁺₂O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15	Griffinite	Al₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15	Pseudobrookite Group
4.CB.15	Sassite	Ti³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.20	Zincovelesite-6N6S	Zn₃(Fe³⁺,Mn³⁺,Al,Ti)₈O₁₅(OH)	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-2N4S	(Mg_8.43Fe²⁺_1.57)_Σ=10Al₂₂Ti⁴⁺₂O₄₆(OH)₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S	(Mg₆Al₂)(Al₁₈Fe³⁺₂)O₃₈(OH)₂	Trig. 3m : P3m1
4.CB.20	Zincohögbomite-2N6S	[(Zn,Mg)₇(Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)₁₆O₃₁(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₆	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺,Zn)₄(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₁₀O₁₉(OH)]₂	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31m
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃[Al₇(Ti,Fe³⁺)]O₁₅(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	'Ferrohögbomite-6N12S'	[(Fe²⁺,Mg,Zn)₅(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₁₂O₂₃(OH)]₆	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
4.CB.20	Zincohögbomite-2N2S	[(Zn,Al,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)₈O₁₅(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.25	Kleberite	FeTi₆O₁₁(OH)₅	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
4.CB.25	Pseudorutile	Fe³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺₃O₉	Hex. 622 : P6₃22
4.CB.30	Oxyvanite	V³⁺₂V⁴⁺O₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.30	Berdesinskiite	V³⁺₂TiO₅	Mon.
4.CB.30	Kaitianite	Ti³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35	Machiite	Al₂Ti₃O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35	Vestaite	(Ti⁴⁺Fe²⁺)Ti⁴⁺₃O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35	Olkhonskite	(Cr,V)₂Ti₃O₉	Mon.
4.CB.35	Schreyerite	V³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺₃O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.40	Zincorinmanite-(Zn)	Zn₂Sb₂(Fe³⁺₄Zn₂)O₁₄(OH)₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Majindeite	Mg₂Mo₃O₈	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Almagreraite	CuZnMn⁴⁺₃O₈	Orth. mm2 : Pmn2₁
4.CB.40	Kamiokite	Fe₂Mo₃O₈	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Nolanite	V³⁺₈Fe³⁺₂O₁₄(OH)₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Iseite	Mn₂Mo₃O₈	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Rinmanite	Zn₂Sb₂Mg₂Fe₄O₁₄(OH)₂	Hex. 6 : P6₃
4.CB.45	Stibioclaudetite	AsSbO₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
4.CB.45	Claudetite	As₂O₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
4.CB.50	Senarmontite	Sb₂O₃	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.CB.50	Arsenolite	As₂O₃	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
4.CB.55	Valentinite	Sb₂O₃	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pccn
4.CB.60	Bismite	Bi₂O₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
4.CB.65	Sphaerobismoite	Bi₂O₃	Tet.
4.CB.70	Sillénite	Bi₁₂SiO₂₀	Iso. 23 : I23
4.CB.75	Kyzylkumite	V³⁺Ti₂O₅(OH)	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
4.CB.80	'Tietaiyangite'	Fe³⁺₄Fe²⁺TiO₉	Hex.
4.CB.85	Liuite	FeTiO₃	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
4.CB.90	Luogufengite	Fe₂O₃	Orth. mm2 : Pna2₁
4.CB.95	Wangdaodeite	FeTiO₃	Trig. 3m : R3c

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for PseudobrookiteHide

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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

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References for PseudobrookiteHide

Reference List:

Ottemann, J., Frenzel, G. (1965) Der Chemismus der Pseudobrookite von Vulkaniten. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen: 45: 819-836 (in German with English abstract).

Koch, A. (1878) XXII. Neue Minerale aus dem Andesit des Aranyer Berges in Siebenbürgen. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 1, Neue Folge: 331-361.

Koch, A. (1878) Neue Minerale. Pseudobrookite und Szabóit. Mineralogische und Petrographische Mittheilungen: 1: 77-79.

Traube, Η. (1892) Ueber den Pseudobrookit vom Aranyer Berge in Siebenbürgen. Zeitschrift für Krystallographie, 20 (1). 327 doi:10.1524/zkri.1892.20.1.327

Pauling, Linus (1930) The crystal structure of pseudobrookite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 73 (1). 97-112 doi:10.1524/zkri.1930.73.1.97

Palache, Charles (1934) Minerals from Topaz Mt., Utah. American Mineralogist, 19 (1) 14-15

Palache, Charles (1934) Pseudobrookite. American Mineralogist, 19 (1) 16-20

Palache, Charles (1935) Additional notes on pseudobrookite. American Mineralogist, 20 (9) 660-663

Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.pp.736-738

TAYLOR, R. W. (1963) Liquidus Temperatures in the System FeO-Fe2O3-TiO2. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 46 (6). 276-279 doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1963.tb11726.x

Taylor, R. W. (1964) Phase equilibria in the system FeO-Fe2O3-TiO2 at 1300° C. American Mineralogist, 49 (7-8) 1016-1030

Åsbrink, Gudrun, Magnéli, Arne, Porok, J., Levstek, I., Eržen, V., Blinc, R., Paušak, S., Ehrenberg, L., Dumanović, J. (1967) X-Ray Studies on Some Mixed Oxide Systems of the Pseudobrookite Structure. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 21. 1977 doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.21-1977

Hauck, J. (1981) Crystallography and phase relations of MeO-M2O3-TiO2 systems (Me = Fe, Mg, Ni; M = Al, Cr, Fe). Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 36. 52-65 doi:10.1016/0022-4596(81)90191-2

Bowles, John F. W. (1988) Definition and range of composition of naturally occurring minerals with the pseudobrookite structure. American Mineralogist, 73 (11-12) 1377-1383

Teller, Raymond G., Antonio, Mark R., Grau, Alphonso E., Gueguin, Michel, Kostiner, Edward (1990) Structural analysis of metastable pseudobrookite ferrous titanium oxides with neutron diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 88. 334-350 doi:10.1016/0022-4596(90)90229-q

Teller, Raymond G., Antonio, Mark R., Grau, Alphonso E., Gueguin, Michel, Kostiner, Edward (1990) The chemistry of the thermal decomposition of pseudobrookite ferrous titanium oxides. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 88. 351-367 doi:10.1016/0022-4596(90)90230-u

Buchholz, Thomas W., Falster, Alexander U., Simmons, William B. (2016) Pseudobrookite From the Nine Mile Pluton, Marathon County, Wisconsin: An Occurrence From A Plutonic Environment. The Canadian Mineralogist, 54 (4) 935-944 doi:10.3749/canmin.1600014

(2021) Pseudobrookite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

[1]Locock, Andrew J.; Herd, Christopher D.K.; Ma, Chi; Steele-Macinnis, Matthew; Luth, Robert W. (2026) Ferropseudobrookite, armalcolite, pseudobrookite, and the pseudobrookite group. American Mineralogist. doi:10.2138/am-2026-10268

Localities for PseudobrookiteHide

Showing 229 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Algeria
In Guezzam Province In Guezzam District Laouni ⓘ Laouni West intrusion	Lorand et al. (1987)

Australia
Victoria City of Greater Geelong Anakie ⓘ Mount Anakie	W. D. Birch et al (in press)
ⓘ Eastern Hill	Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection
ⓘ Middle Hill	Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection
Moyne Shire Mortlake ⓘ Mount Shadwell Quarry	U. Kolitsch (SXRD) +1 other reference

Austria
Burgenland Oberpullendorf District Markt Sankt Martin Pauliberg ⓘ Basalt quarry	Schebesta (1983) +2 other references
Styria Leibnitz District Wildon Weitendorf ⓘ Basalt quarry	Exel (1993)
Südoststeiermark District Bad Gleichenberg Wilhelmsdorf ⓘ Stradner Kogel	Postl et al. (1996)
Klöch ⓘ Basalt quarry	Postl et al. (1996) +1 other reference
Tyrol Lienz District Prägraten am Großvenediger Dorferbach valley ⓘ Dorf glacier ?	Exel (1993)

Brazil
Paraná Foz do Iguaçu ⓘ Iguazu falls	Geological Survey Professional Paper 327 (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1959)

Bulgaria
Pazardzhik Province Panagyurishte Municipality Panagyurishte ⓘ Medet Mine	Singer et al. (2008)

Canada
Alberta Burmis ⓘ Burmis Deposit	Richard Gunter Collection

Chile
Atacama Huasco Province Freirina Sierra La Totora district ⓘ Agua del Medio quarry	"Estudios geológico del sector de ... +2 other references

China
Shandong Linyi ⓘ Yimeng Mountains (Yimeng Shan)	[var: Chromium-bearing Kennedyite] Lei Zhao (1991)

Czech Republic
Liberec Region ⓘ North Bohemian Uranium District	Scharm +7 other references
Vysočina Region Třebíč District Kojetice ⓘ Kojetice metamanganolite occurrence	Novák et al. (2007)

Denmark
ⓘ North Jutland Region	Pedersen et al. (1975) +1 other reference

Finland
North Ostrobothnia Pudasjärvi ⓘ Rometölväs reef	Karinen

France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Cantal Saint-Flour Albepierre-Bredons ⓘ Cunes quarry	Fermis (2023)
Haute-Loire Le Puy-en-Velay Espaly-Saint-Marcel ⓘ Mont Denise	Barrier D et al. (2004)
Le Brignon ⓘ Bizac volcano	P & E Médard collection
Puy-de-Dôme Issoire Mazaye ⓘ Les Châtelaunoux quarry (Petit Chambois quarry)	Philippe Rémy collection
Mont-Dore ⓘ Ravin des Chèvres (Rivaux Grands)	A. Lacroix (1905) +1 other reference
ⓘ Val d'Enfer	Designolle (2026)
Murol ⓘ Groire	Queneau (n.d.)
ⓘ Tennis court outcrop	Hède
Riom Saint-Ours-les-Roches ⓘ Puy de Lemptégy	Vernay (1996)
ⓘ Puy de Ténuzet quarry	Mboungou-Kongo (2002)
French Polynesia Society Islands Windward Islands Tahiti Island Papeete ⓘ Faataua River (Fautaua)	COUREAU
French Southern and Antarctic Lands ⓘ Kerguelen Islands	Ionov et al. (1995)
Occitanie Aveyron Rodez Sévérac-d'Aveyron ⓘ Lapanouse-de-Sévérac slag locality	Ł. Kruszewski EPMA/PXRD/Rietveld data +1 other reference
Hérault Béziers ⓘ Saint-Thibéry	photo and collection Bernard Bouissac
Réunion Saint-Joseph ⓘ Remparts river	Ko Jansen collection

Germany
Baden-Württemberg Karlsruhe Region Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis Waldbrunn Waldkatzenbach ⓘ Katzenbuckel	Stähle et al. (2003)
ⓘ Michelsberg Quarry	Stähle et al. (2002)
Bavaria Upper Palatinate Neustadt an der Waldnaab District Waidhaus ⓘ Hagendorf	Dill (2009)
Hesse Kassel Region Schwalm-Eder Frielendorf Großropperhausen ⓘ Sterkelsberg Quarry	Collection of Walter Göttler
Werra-Meißner Eschwege ⓘ Blaue Kuppe	Belendorff (2005)
North Rhine-Westphalia Arnsberg Märkischer Kreis Iserlohn Letmathe Helmke quarry nature reserve ⓘ Genna zinc smelter slag locality	Bender et al. (1994)
Cologne Aachen Stolberg ⓘ Binsfeldhammer lead smelter slag locality	Blaß et al. (1995)
ⓘ Birkengang zinc smelter slag locality
ⓘ Münsterbusch zinc smelter slag locality	International Association of Collectors of Slag Minerals (3)
Euskirchen Kall ⓘ Copper smelter slag locality	Blaß et al. (1995)
Rhineland-Palatinate Ahrweiler Bad Breisig Brohl-Lützing ⓘ Leilenkopf	Brauns (1922)
Brohltal Burgbrohl ⓘ Herchenberg quarry	Hentschel (1983) +1 other reference
Wassenach ⓘ Kunkskopf quarry	Hentschel (1975) +1 other reference
Bernkastel-Wittlich Wittlich-Land Bettenfeld ⓘ Mosenberg	Weiß (1990)
Mayen-Koblenz Maifeld Ochtendung ⓘ Eiterköpfe quarry	Weiß (1990)
ⓘ Karmelenberg quarry	Weiß (1990)
ⓘ Langenberg quarry	Personally collected by Günter Frenz
ⓘ Wannenköpfe Quarry	Rondorf et al. (1988) +1 other reference
Mendig Bell ⓘ Rothenberg Quarry

Pseudobrookite

About PseudobrookiteHide

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