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Alunogen

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Photos of Alunogen (105)Discuss Alunogen

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Alunogen

Dubník, Červenica, Prešov District, Prešov Region, Slovakia

Alunogen

Kladno mine, Libušin, Kladno District, Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic

Alunogen

Lignite mine, Hausheim, Wölbling, Sankt Pölten-Land District, Lower Austria, Austria

Alunogen

Dubník, Červenica, Prešov District, Prešov Region, Slovakia

Alunogen

Kladno mine, Libušin, Kladno District, Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic

Alunogen

Lignite mine, Hausheim, Wölbling, Sankt Pölten-Land District, Lower Austria, Austria

Alunogen

Dubník, Červenica, Prešov District, Prešov Region, Slovakia

Alunogen

Kladno mine, Libušin, Kladno District, Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic

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About AlunogenHide

Formula:

Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 17H₂O

Colour:

Colorless in crystals, aggregates white, or pale yellow or red from impurities.

Lustre:

Vitreous, Silky

Hardness:

1½ - 2

Specific Gravity:

1.732 (Calculated)

Crystal System:

Triclinic

Name:

From the Latin "alum" and the Greek γεννώ ("genno"), "to create". No type locality known.

A hydrated aluminium sulfate. The highest hydrate of natural Al sulphate, when compared to 'meta-alunogen', mangazeite, Unnamed (Al Sulphate-Hydrate) and UM1976-22-SO:AlFeH. Also the hydrated counterpart of millosevichite.

At high temperates, alunogen may dehydrate to its pentahydrate, Unnamed (Al Sulphate-Hydrate).

Compare also 'UM1987-13-SO:AlH' and 'UM1976-22-SO:AlFeH'.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

162

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:162:5

IMA Classification of AlunogenHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

IMA Formula:

Al₂(S⁶⁺O₄)₃(H₂O)₁₂·5H₂O

Classification of AlunogenHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

7.CB.45

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H₂O
B : With only medium-sized cations

Dana 7th ed.:

29.8.6.1

Dana 8th ed.:

29.8.6.1

29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
8 : A₂(XO₄)₃·H₂O

Hey's CIM Ref.:

25.6.7

25 : Sulphates
6 : Sulphates of Al and Tl

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Alg	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Alu	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019)	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of AlunogenHide

Lustre:

Vitreous, Silky

Transparency:

Transparent

Colour:

Colorless in crystals, aggregates white, or pale yellow or red from impurities.

Comment:

colorless in transmitted light.

Streak:

White

Hardness:

1½ - 2 on Mohs scale

Density:

1.732 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of AlunogenHide

Type:

Biaxial (+)

RI values:

n_α = 1.473 n_β = 1.474 n_γ = 1.48

2V:

Measured: 31° to 69°, Calculated: 46°

Max. Birefringence:

δ = 0.007
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.

Thickness: 30 µm Order divisions

Rotation:

Surface Relief:

Moderate (negative)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).

This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral colouration.

Focus:

In focus

Interference Figure:

This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure - the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are isogyres.

Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.

Thickness: 30 µm

Stage rotation: 0°

Dispersion:

none

Chemistry of AlunogenHide

Mindat Formula:

Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 17H₂O

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
O	71.557 %
S	14.836 %
Al	8.322 %
H	5.285 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Al, H, O, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of AlunogenHide

Crystal System:

Triclinic

Class (H-M):

1 - Pinacoidal

Space Group:

Cell Parameters:

a = 7.420(60) Å, b = 26.97(2) Å, c = 6.062(5) Å
α = 89.67(1)°, β = 97.34(1)°, γ = 91.53(1)°

Ratio:

a:b:c = 0.275 : 1 : 0.225

Unit Cell V:

1,202.74 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Crystals rare, small; prismatic [001] or {010} with a hexagonal outline about [010]; very complex, with about 60 forms noted. Commonly as delicate fibrous masses or crusts; effloresences; massive, fibrous to 5 mm.

Twinning:

On {010}.

Crystal StructureHide

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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0015647	Alunogen	Menchetti S, Sabelli C (1974) Alunogen. Its structure and twinning Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 21 164-178		1974	grotta dell'allume, Vulcano Island, Italy	0	293
0000518	Alunogen	Fang J H, Robinson P D (1976) Alunogen, Al2(H2O)12(SO4)3.5H2O: Its atomic arrangement and water content American Mineralogist 61 311-317		1976		0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Alunogen'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Menchetti S'
'Sabelli C'
_journal_name_full 'Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen'
_journal_volume 21 
_journal_year 1974
_journal_page_first 164
_journal_page_last 178
_publ_section_title
;
 Alunogen. Its structure and twinning
;
_database_code_amcsd 0015647
_chemical_compound_source 'grotta dell'allume, Vulcano Island, Italy'
_chemical_formula_sum 'Al2 S3 O28.4 H32.8'
_cell_length_a 7.425
_cell_length_b 26.9750
_cell_length_c 6.0608
_cell_angle_alpha 90.03
_cell_angle_beta 97.66
_cell_angle_gamma 91.94
_cell_volume 1202.376
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      1.761
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P -1'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
Al1   0.23650   0.09959   0.00330   1.00000 ?
Al2   0.21950   0.40121   0.99870   1.00000 ?
S1   0.74220   0.06071   0.48660   1.00000 ?
S2   0.73180   0.43938   0.48090   1.00000 ?
S3   0.13030   0.24739   0.47310   1.00000 ?
O1   0.67260   0.03370   0.27810   1.00000 ?
O2   0.80590   0.02570   0.66230   1.00000 ?
O3   0.59250   0.08860   0.55520   1.00000 ?
O4   0.89280   0.09520   0.45120   1.00000 ?
O5   0.67520   0.46640   0.27400   1.00000 ?
O6   0.80290   0.47440   0.65730   1.00000 ?
O7   0.57150   0.41130   0.54380   1.00000 ?
O8   0.87280   0.40470   0.44550   1.00000 ?
O9   0.26260   0.21770   0.61160   1.00000 ?
O10   0.10420   0.22680   0.24750   1.00000 ?
O11  -0.04380   0.24640   0.55730   1.00000 ?
O12   0.20230   0.29830   0.46640   1.00000 ?
O13   0.14000   0.03800   0.88300   1.00000 ?
O14   0.27680   0.06900   0.28450   1.00000 ?
O15   0.47300   0.08190   0.95450   1.00000 ?
O16   0.32650   0.16060   0.12580   1.00000 ?
O17   0.19670   0.12760   0.71680   1.00000 ?
O18  -0.00100   0.11490   0.05220   1.00000 ?
O19   0.45210   0.42250   0.93640   1.00000 ?
O20   0.26870   0.43040   0.28320   1.00000 ?
O21   0.12660   0.46320   0.88680   1.00000 ?
O22  -0.01830   0.38290   0.05490   1.00000 ?
O23   0.16650   0.37530   0.71240   1.00000 ?
O24   0.31000   0.34190   0.11120   1.00000 ?
O25   0.79160   0.17480   0.80230   1.00000 ?
O26   0.88420   0.29060   0.94930   1.00000 ?
O27   0.64970   0.19670   0.22620   1.00000 ?
O28   0.49490   0.28340   0.90450   1.00000 ?
Wat29   0.64400   0.29600   0.44400   0.40000   0.12260
H1   0.18000   0.00700   0.85000   1.00000 ?
H2   0.01000   0.03300   0.80000   1.00000 ?
H3   0.25000   0.02900   0.29000   1.00000 ?
H4   0.37000   0.08300   0.35000   1.00000 ?
H5   0.52000   0.09000   0.84000   1.00000 ?
H6   0.55000   0.06400   0.08000   1.00000 ?
H7   0.26000   0.18700   0.16000   1.00000 ?
H8   0.45000   0.16600   0.18000   1.00000 ?
H9   0.23000   0.16500   0.69000   1.00000 ?
H10   0.08000   0.11600   0.62000   1.00000 ?
H11  -0.04000   0.10800   0.20000   1.00000 ?
H12  -0.08000   0.13800   0.96000   1.00000 ?
H13   0.50000   0.41300   0.79000   1.00000 ?
H14   0.52000   0.44400   0.05000   1.00000 ?
H15   0.28000   0.46900   0.29000   1.00000 ?
H16   0.34000   0.42900   0.40000   1.00000 ?
H17   0.18000   0.49500   0.84000   1.00000 ?
H18   0.02000   0.47700   0.86000   1.00000 ?
H19  -0.06000   0.39100   0.20000   1.00000 ?
H20  -0.06000   0.34700   0.01000   1.00000 ?
H21   0.05000   0.38100   0.65000   1.00000 ?
H22   0.18000   0.34500   0.66000   1.00000 ?
H23   0.27000   0.32600   0.25000   1.00000 ?
H24   0.40000   0.32500   0.02000   1.00000 ?
H25   0.68000   0.15900   0.68000   1.00000 ?
H26   0.85000   0.20300   0.76000   1.00000 ?
H27   0.91000   0.27500   0.81000   1.00000 ?
H28   0.96000   0.26800   0.06000   1.00000 ?
H29   0.72000   0.22000   0.31000   1.00000 ?
H30   0.71000   0.19000   0.11000   1.00000 ?
H31   0.44000   0.25900   0.82000   1.00000 ?
H32   0.63000   0.28700   0.92000   1.00000 ?
loop_
_atom_site_aniso_label
_atom_site_aniso_U_11
_atom_site_aniso_U_22
_atom_site_aniso_U_33
_atom_site_aniso_U_12
_atom_site_aniso_U_13
_atom_site_aniso_U_23
Al1 0.01151 0.01105 0.00969 0.00100 0.00269 0.00492
Al2 0.01343 0.01473 0.01170 0.00010 0.00313 0.00574
S1 0.01288 0.01473 0.01206 0.00100 0.00157 0.00410
S2 0.01397 0.01841 0.01791 0.00100 0.00291 0.00410
S3 0.06110 0.01473 0.02449 0.00703 0.01656 0.00656
O1 0.02439 0.04418 0.02413 0.01507 -0.00671 -0.00492
O2 0.03644 0.02209 0.02943 -0.00603 -0.01208 0.01641
O3 0.02274 0.03314 0.01170 0.00603 0.00515 -0.00246
O4 0.00822 0.03682 0.03052 -0.00703 0.00313 0.00820
O5 0.03206 0.03682 0.02230 -0.00904 -0.00515 0.01805
O6 0.03316 0.02946 0.04113 0.00703 -0.01007 -0.00410
O7 0.01754 0.04418 0.01883 -0.00402 0.00358 0.01477
O8 0.02055 0.04787 0.03308 0.01607 0.00671 -0.00984
O9 0.09590 0.02946 0.07823 -0.00100 -0.01186 0.03035
O10 0.06330 0.04787 0.04825 0.01004 -0.00067 -0.00984
O11 0.08933 0.07364 0.08536 0.01808 0.05349 0.01149
O12 0.13372 0.01473 0.04917 0.00603 0.03581 0.00574
O13 0.02055 0.01841 0.01810 -0.00100 -0.00470 0.00164
O14 0.02192 0.01841 0.01883 0.00000 0.00112 0.00410
O15 0.01945 0.02946 0.02723 0.00301 0.00582 0.00820
O16 0.02576 0.02209 0.03747 -0.00301 0.00246 -0.00410
O17 0.02165 0.02209 0.01919 0.00201 0.00201 0.00492
O18 0.01671 0.02946 0.02266 0.00502 0.00783 0.00574
O19 0.02110 0.04418 0.01974 0.00100 0.00627 0.00164
O20 0.02466 0.02577 0.02120 0.00301 0.00358 0.00738
O21 0.01808 0.01841 0.02376 0.00100 0.00090 0.00492
O22 0.02192 0.02577 0.02285 0.00502 0.00291 -0.00082
O23 0.02576 0.02946 0.01901 0.00502 0.00291 -0.00082
O24 0.03124 0.02209 0.03601 0.00703 0.00918 0.01313
O25 0.05151 0.04418 0.07165 0.10044 0.00022 0.01559
O26 0.08330 0.05155 0.12356 -0.00804 0.02216 -0.01641
O27 0.05261 0.11414 0.16414 -0.01908 -0.01052 -0.00902
O28 0.05836 0.10310 0.10291 0.02210 0.00985 -0.04348

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Loading XRD data...

2θ (degrees) d-spacing (Å)

Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
4.489 Å	(100)
4.390 Å	(81)
3.969 Å	(81)
4.329 Å	(76)
13.46 Å	(54)
3.897 Å	(52)
3.675 Å	(45)

Comments:

Nová Baňa deposit, Slovakia. Data from Cesbron and Sadrzadeh (1972), using the old locality name of Königsberg.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event	<2.4
45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates]
47b : [Sulfates and sulfites]
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere	<0.6
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals	<0.36
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals	<10 Ka
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56)
55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals

Geological Setting:

Forms by reaction of sulfates from decomposing sulfides with aluminous minerals in shales and slates; in gossan or altered wall rock of pyritic deposits in arid regions; in coal seams; in relatively low-temperature fumaroles.

Synonyms of AlunogenHide

Alunogenite

Davite

Halotrichite (of Hausmann)

Halotrichit (of Hausmann)

Katharite

Katherite

Keramohalite (of Glocker)

Hair-salt (in part)

Other Language Names for AlunogenHide

French:Alunogène
Hydrotrisulfate d'alumine

German:Alunogen
Alunogenit
Davit
Katharit
Katherit
Keramostypterit
Schwefelsaure Thonerde
Stipterit
Stypterit

Italian:Alunogeno

Norwegian:Alunogen

Russian:Алуноген

Simplified Chinese:毛矾石

Spanish:Alunogenita
Davita
Katharita
Katherita
Keramostypterita
Stypterita

Varieties of AlunogenHide

Phosphoralunogen

A variety of Alunogen containing some P2O5

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

48 photos of Alunogen associated with Coquimbite	AlFe₃(SO₄)₆(H₂O)₁₂ · 6H₂O
33 photos of Alunogen associated with Chalcanthite	CuSO₄ · 5H₂O
22 photos of Alunogen associated with Copiapite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₄(SO₄)₆(OH)₂ · 20H₂O
20 photos of Alunogen associated with Halotrichite	Fe²⁺Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O
19 photos of Alunogen associated with Römerite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂(SO₄)₄ · 14H₂O
11 photos of Alunogen associated with Metavoltine	K₂Na₆Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₆O₂(SO₄)₁₂ · 18H₂O
6 photos of Alunogen associated with Native Sulphur	S₈
6 photos of Alunogen associated with Jarosite	KFe³⁺₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆
5 photos of Alunogen associated with Ilsemannite	Mo₃O₈ · nH₂O
5 photos of Alunogen associated with Voltaite	K₂Fe²⁺₅Fe³⁺₃Al(SO₄)₁₂ · 18H₂O

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

7.CB.	Sarvodaite	Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 5H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CB.02	Voudourisite	CdSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CB.05	Szmikite	MnSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.05	Szomolnokite	FeSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.05	Cobaltkieserite	CoSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.05	Dwornikite	Ni(SO₄) · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.05	Kieserite	MgSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.05	Poitevinite	(Cu,Fe)SO₄ · H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.05	Gunningite	ZnSO₄ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.07	Sanderite	MgSO₄ · 2H₂O	Orth. 222 : P2₁2₁2₁
7.CB.10	Bonattite	CuSO₄ · 3H₂O	Mon. m : Bb
7.CB.12	Belogubite	CuZn(SO₄)₂ · 10H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.15	Drobecite	CdSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CB.15	Aplowite	CoSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m
7.CB.15	Cranswickite	MgSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. m : Bb
7.CB.15	Rozenite	FeSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.15	Starkeyite	MgSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.15	Ilesite	Mn²⁺(SO₄) · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m
7.CB.15	Boyleite	ZnSO₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.20	Siderotil	FeSO₄ · 5H₂O	Tric.
7.CB.20	Jôkokuite	MnSO₄ · 5H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.20	Pentahydrite	MgSO₄ · 5H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.20	Chalcanthite	CuSO₄ · 5H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.25	Chvaleticeite	Mn²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄)	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.25	Nickelhexahydrite	Ni²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄)	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.25	Hexahydrite	Mg(H₂O)₆(SO₄)	Mon. 2/m : P2/m
7.CB.25	Bianchite	Zn(H₂O)₆(SO₄)	Mon. 2/m : P2/m
7.CB.25	Moorhouseite	Co²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄)	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.25	Ferrohexahydrite	Fe²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄)	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.30	Retgersite	NiSO₄ · 6H₂O	Tet. 422 : P4₁2₁2
7.CB.35	Zincmelanterite	Zn(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.35	Melanterite	Fe²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.35	Alpersite	(Mg,Cu²⁺)(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.35	Bieberite	Co²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2/m
7.CB.35	Boothite	Cu²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.35	Mallardite	Mn²⁺(H₂O)₆(SO₄) · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2/m
7.CB.40	Epsomite	MgSO₄ · 7H₂O	Orth. 222 : P2₁2₁2₁
7.CB.40	Goslarite	ZnSO₄ · 7H₂O	Orth. 222 : P2₁2₁2₁
7.CB.40	Morenosite	NiSO₄ · 7H₂O	Orth. 222 : P2₁2₁2₁
7.CB.45	Meta-alunogen	Al₂(SO₄)₃ · 12H₂O	Orth.
7.CB.50	Aluminocoquimbite	Al₂Fe₂(SO₄)₆(H₂O)₁₂ · 6H₂O	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31c
7.CB.50	Lazaridisite	Cd₃(SO₄)₃ · 8H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.52	Pararaisaite	CuMg[Te⁶⁺O₄(OH)₂] · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.55	Paracoquimbite	Fe₄(SO₄)₆(H₂O)₁₂ · 6H₂O	Trig. 3 : R3
7.CB.55	Rhomboclase	(H₅O₂)Fe³⁺(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
7.CB.55	Raisaite	CuMg[Te⁶⁺O₄(OH)₂] · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
7.CB.55	Coquimbite	AlFe₃(SO₄)₆(H₂O)₁₂ · 6H₂O	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P31c
7.CB.57	'Caichengyunite'	Fe²⁺₃Al₂(SO₄)₆ · 30H₂O	Mon.
7.CB.60	Kornelite	Fe₂(SO₄)₃ · 7H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CB.65	Quenstedtite	Fe₂(SO₄)₃ · 11H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.70	Lausenite	Fe₂(SO₄)₃ · 5H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
7.CB.75	Römerite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂(SO₄)₄ · 14H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.75	Lishizhenite	ZnFe₂(SO₄)₄ · 14H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
7.CB.80	Ransomite	CuFe₂(SO₄)₄ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.85	Dietrichite	ZnAl₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.85	Halotrichite	Fe²⁺Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2 : P2
7.CB.85	Apjohnite	Mn²⁺Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.85	Redingtonite	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2
7.CB.85	Pickeringite	MgAl₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.85	Bílinite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.85	Wupatkiite	Co²⁺Al₂(SO₄)₄ · 22H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
7.CB.90	Meridianiite	MgSO₄ · 11H₂O	Tric. 1 : P1

Other InformationHide

Thermal Behaviour:

Heated in a closed tube it gives water and at higher temperature, sulphuric acid.

Notes:

Readily soluble in water. Taste alum-like, acid and sharp. When in solution, adding ammonia produces a gelatinous precipitate of aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3.

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for AlunogenHide

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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

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References for AlunogenHide

Reference List:

Beudant, François-Sulpice (1824) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. (Première Edition)) [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. (First Edition)]. Chez Verdière.p.449 - as Hydrotrisulfate d'alumine

Mill (1828) Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and Art, London: 25: 382. [as Davite]

Beudant, François-Sulpice (1832) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. Deuxiéme Edition [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. Second Edition] (2nd ed.) Vol. 2 - Tome II [Volume II]. Chez Verdière. pp.488-492 - as Alunogène

Shepard C.U. (1835) Treatise on Mineralogy. First edition: vols. 2, 3: 188. [as Solfatarite]

Glocker, E.F. (1839) Handbuch der Mineralogie, 2nd. edition, Nürnberg: 689. [as Keramohalite]

Huot, J.J. (1841) Manuel de Minéralogie. 2 volumes, Paris: 2: 451. [as Saldanite]

Glocker, Ernst Friedrich (1847) Generum et specierum mineralium, secundum ordines naturales digestorum synopsis, omnium, quotquot adhuc reperta sunt, mineralium nomina complectens [A synopsis of the genera and species of minerals, according to their natural orders, including the names of all the minerals that have yet been discovered.]. Eduardus Anton. 348 pp. p.297

Hausmann, J.F.L. (1847) Handbuch der Mineralogie 3 volumes, Göttingen. Second edition: vol. 2, in two parts: 2: 1174. [as Halotrichit]

Rammelsberg, Carl Friedrich (1875) Handbuch der Mineralchemie (2nd ed.) Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. p.269 - Haarsalz

Jirkovsky (1928) cited in Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Heidelberg, Stuttgart: I: 106.

Larsen, E.S., Steiger, G. (1928) Dehydration and optical studies of alunogen, nontronite, and griffithite: American Journal of Science, 5th. series: 15: 1-19.

Hintze, C. (1929) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [3B]: 4404.

Petrov (1933) Trav. Inst. Pétrog. Ac. Sc. U.R.S.S., no. 3: 89.

Zavaritsky (1935) Trans. Centr. Geol. & Prosp. Inst., Leningrad, no. 35.

Gordon, S.G. (1942) Results of the Chilean mineralogical expedition of 1938. Part VII.—The crystallography of alunogen, meta-alunogen and pickeringite. Notulae Naturae of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: 101: 1-9.

Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.pp.537-540

Cesbron, Fabien, Sadrzadeh, Manoucher (1973) Nouvelles données sur l'alunogène Al2 (SO4)3 • 18H2O. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 96 (6) 385-387 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1973.6855

Menchetti, S., Sabelli, C. (1974) Alunogen. Its structure and twinning. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen: 21: 164-178.

Fang, Jen Ho, Robinson, Paul D. (1976) Alunogen, Al2(H2O)12(SO4)3·5H2O: its atomic arrangement and water content. American Mineralogist, 61 (3-4) 311-317

Bariand, P., Cesbron, F., Berthelon, J.-P. (1977) Les sulfates de fer de Saghand près de Yazd (Iran). Mémoire Hors-Série de la Société Géologique de France: 8: 77-85.

(2005) Alunogen. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Kahlenberg, V., Braun, D.E., Krüger, H., Schmidmair, D., Orlova, M. (2017): Temperature- and moisture-dependent studies on alunogen and the crystal structure of meta-alunogen determined from laboratory powder diffraction data. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 4, 95-107.

Košek, Filip, Culka, Adam, Žáček, Vladimír, Laufek, František, Škoda, Radek, Jehlička, Jan (2018) Native alunogen: A Raman spectroscopic study of a well-described specimen. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1157. 191-200 doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.12.021

Zhitova, Elena S., Sheveleva, Rezeda M., Zolotarev, Andrey A., Nuzhdaev, Anton A. (2023) Atomic Arrangement, Hydrogen Bonding and Structural Complexity of Alunogen, Al2(SO4)3·17H2O, from Kamchatka Geothermal Field, Russia. Crystals, 13 (6) 963 doi:10.3390/cryst13060963

Localities for AlunogenHide

Showing 374 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Antarctica
East Antarctica Victoria Land ⓘ Mt Melbourne	Collection of RJ Martin
Ross Archipelago Ross Island ⓘ Mount Erebus ?	Kammerer (2011)
West Antarctica ⓘ Heritage Range	Vennum +1 other reference

Argentina
Jujuy Province Santa Bárbara Department Cerros de Santa Bárbara El Palmar hot springs ⓘ Santa Bárbara sulphur mine	Márquez-Zavalía et al. (1995) +1 other reference
San Juan Province Calingasta Department Calingasta Quebrada Alcaparrosa ⓘ Santa Elena Mine	Zappettini et al. (1999)

Australia
Queensland Charters Towers Region Charters Towers ⓘ Thalanga Mine	Red River Resources
Mareeba Shire ⓘ Montalbion Mine	Harris et al. (2003)
South Australia ⓘ Lake Alexandrina	Rob Fitzpatrick et al. (2010)
Rural City of Murray Bridge Murray Bridge ⓘ Swanport wetland	Raven et al. (2010, August)
Victoria Surf Coast Shire ⓘ Anglesea	Segnit (1976)
Western Australia Meekatharra Shire ⓘ Glen Ross Creek Gorge	Simpson Mineral Collection of the ...

Austria
Carinthia Sankt Veit an der Glan District Guttaring ⓘ Sonnberg	Niedermayr et al. (1995)
Wolfsberg District Reichenfels Mischlinggraben ⓘ Staubmann Mines	Analysis Guenter Blass by XRD and EDS (Samples Günter Indra, GI9905-6, GI9905-7, GI9905-8)
Lower Austria Horn District Drosendorf-Zissersdorf Wollmersdorf (Zettlitz-Wollmersdorf) ⓘ Graphite quarry	Taucher (1993) +1 other reference
Krems-Land District Mühldorf Amstall ⓘ Graphite quarry	- (n.d.)
ⓘ Marble quarry (Thalinger quarry; Hausbruch)	Kolitsch et al. (2022)
Sankt Pölten-Land District Wölbling Hausheim ⓘ Lignite mine	Niedermayr (1987) +2 other references
Salzburg Zell am See District Dienten am Hochkönig ⓘ Schwarzenbach	Strasser (1989)
Mittersill ⓘ Rettenbach (Rettenbachgraben)	Meixner (1968)
Styria Deutschlandsberg District Bad Schwanberg Gressenberg Schwarze Sulm ⓘ Forestry road outcrop	Postl et al. (2014)
Leoben District Kalwang Langteichengraben (Lange Teichen) Teichen Mine ⓘ Gotthardi adit	Neschen (n.d.)
Voitsberg District Edelschrott Modriach Herzogberg ⓘ Ebenlecker farm (Ebenlöcker farm; Ebenlecker quarry)	Taucher et al. (2000)
Köflach ⓘ Köflach - Voitsberg lignite deposit	Exel (1993)
Zangtal ⓘ Muttlkogel	Walter et al. (1983)

Belgium
Flanders Limburg Maasmechelen Eisden ⓘ Eisden colliery	www.strahlen.org/vp/be/eisden/eisden.htm

Bolivia
Oruro Cercado Province Oruro ⓘ San José Mine	Petrov (n.d.)

Brazil
Minas Gerais Catas Altas ⓘ Quebra Osso mine	Atencio et al. (1994)
ⓘ Poços de Caldas alkaline complex	Gomes et al. (2023)
Santa Catarina Tubarão ⓘ Coal mine drainage	Silva et al. (2021)
São Paulo Itaquaquecetuba ⓘ Itaquareia quarry	Atencio et al. (2011)
Tocantins Jaú do Tocantins ⓘ Outcrop No. 17 pegmatite	Queiroz (2016)

Bulgaria
Blagoevgrad Province Simitli Municipality Brezhani ⓘ Pirin mine	Elena Shcherbakova (2010)

Canada
British Columbia Cariboo Mining Division Mount Robson Park Moose Lake ⓘ Grant Brook alunogen occurrence	Peatfield (n.d.)
Kamloops Mining Division ⓘ Blair Creek	Palache et al. (1951)
Falkland ⓘ Blair Creek alunogen occurrence	Peatfield (n.d.)
Maggie claim group Cache Creek ⓘ Spatsum claim	Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference
ⓘ Savona	Palache et al. (1951)
Liard Mining Division Alaska Highway Smith River ⓘ Smith River alunogen occurrence	Peatfield (n.d.)
Lillooet Mining Division Fraser River ⓘ Fountain Creek alunogen occurrence	Peatfield (n.d.)
Vernon Mining Division ⓘ Vernon	Palache et al. (1951)
Northwest Territories Fort Norman ⓘ Golden Deposit	Battler et al. (2013)
Nova Scotia Cumberland Co. Springhill ⓘ Scotia mine	Hoffmann (1880) +1 other reference
Inverness Co. St. Rose ⓘ Evans Mine	Zodrow et al. (1978)

Cape Verde
Sotavento Islands Fogo Island ⓘ Mount Fogo	Silva et al. (2019)

Chile
Antofagasta Antofagasta Province Mejillones Mejillones peninsula ⓘ Unnamed Cu mine [1]	SEM-EDS by Joy Desor
Sierra Gorda ⓘ Alcaparrosa Mine	samples analysed by Gerhard Moehn and ...
ⓘ La Vendida Mine	samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ...
El Loa Province Calama Chuquicamata District ⓘ Chuquicamata Mine	Palache et al. (1951)
Toki Cu deposit (Toki Cluster) ⓘ Queténa Mine (Queténa Prospect)	Palache et al. (1951)
Ollagüe ⓘ Cerro Pabellón Geothermal System	Vidal et al. (2022)
Tocopilla Province María Elena Oficina María Elena ⓘ Francisco de Vergara	S. G. Gordon (1942)
Tarapacá Tamarugal Province ⓘ Cerros Pintados	Palache et al. (1951)
Pica Collahuasi mining district ⓘ Quebrada Blanca Mine	Teck Resources Limited

China
Inner Mongolia Wuhai (Wuhai Prefecture) Wuda District Wuda Coal mining area ⓘ Huangbaici coal field	Stracher et al. (2005)
ⓘ Wuhushan coal field	Am Min 90:1729-1739
Yunnan Baoshan Tengchong County ⓘ Rehai geothermal field	Meixiang et al. (1987) +1 other reference
Tengchong Volcanic Geothermal National Geological Park ⓘ Zhenzhu Spring	Luo et al. (2019)

Colombia
Bogotá District ⓘ Chiwachi	Dana et al. (1892)

Costa Rica
Alajuela Province Sarchí Canton ⓘ Poás Volcano	Rodríguez et al. (2017)
Cartago Province Oreamuno Canton Irazú Volcano ⓘ Cueva Los Minerales	Ulloa et al. (2018)

Cuba
Isla de la Juventud special municipality Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Pines; Island of Youth) ⓘ Rio del Callejon deposit ?	Zwahr et al. (1999)

Czech Republic
Central Bohemian Region ⓘ Kladno District	Žáček et al. (1995)
Libušin ⓘ Kladno mine	Hyrsl J. +3 other references
Kutná Hora District Kutná Hora ⓘ Kaňk	Dobešová (2012)
Příbram District Příbram Březové Hory Černojamské deposit ⓘ Lill Mine	C.Auer (2016)
Rakovník District Pavlíkov Skřivaň ⓘ Valachov Hill	Palache et al. (1951)
Hradec Králové Region Trutnov District Lampertice ⓘ Jan Šverma Mine	Harapát
Radvanice ⓘ Kateřina Coal Mine	Jirásek (2001)
Karlovy Vary Region Karlovy Vary District ⓘ Jáchymov	Hloušek et al. (2002)
Liberec Region ⓘ North Bohemian Uranium District	Scharm +7 other references
Moravian-Silesian Region Frýdek-Místek District Dobrá ⓘ Dobrá-Staré Město	Matýsek et al. (2023)
ⓘ Hrádek	Pauliš (1992)
Ostrava-City District Ostrava Heřmanice ⓘ Heřmanice dump	Košek (2018) +1 other reference
Koblov ⓘ Landek Hill	Matýsek D. (1999)
Odra Mine (after 1995) Ostrava Mine (after 1967) ⓘ Zárubek Mine (after 1954)	Vinš V. (1957)
Olomouc Region Šumperk District Staré Město Velké Vrbno ⓘ Konstantin Quarry	Matýsek et al. (2024)
Pardubice Region Pardubice District ⓘ Chvaletice	Prachař +6 other references
South Moravian Region Hodonín District Žádovice ⓘ Barbora I lignite mine	Kruťa T. (1944)
Ústí nad Labem Region Děčín District ⓘ Pravčice rock arch	Varilová et al. (2011)
Most District Korozluky ⓘ Korozluky magmatic rock occurrence (Kolosoruk magmatic rock occurrence; Kolloseruk magmatic rock occurrence)	Palache et al. (1951)
ⓘ Lužice	Natural History Museum Vienna collection
Teplice District Krupka Vrchoslav ⓘ Vrchoslav fluorite deposit	Jiří Sejkora (2025)

France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Rhône Villefranche-sur-Saône Sain-Bel ⓘ Iron mine	Palache et al. (1951)
Savoie Chambéry Aix-les-Bains ⓘ Serpents cave	Audra et al. (2007)
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Haute-Saône Lure Ronchamp ⓘ Coal mine	Palache et al. (1951)
Hauts-de-France Pas-de-Calais Lens ⓘ Avion	Naze-Nancy Masalehdani et al. (2009)
Martinique Arrondissement of La Trinité Grand'Rivière ⓘ Montagne Pelée	Palache et al. (1951)
Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre Saint-Pierre ⓘ Claire river	Lacroix (1910)
Occitanie Aveyron Millau ⓘ Saint-Georges-de-Luzençon	Queneau (n.d.)
Villefranche-de-Rouergue Aubin Aubin ⓘ Le Gua	R. Pierrot
ⓘ Cransac	R. Pierrot
Decazeville Decazeville coal basin ⓘ Découverte de Lassalle	www.pangeaminerals.com (2005)
Hautes-Pyrénées ⓘ Aure Valley	De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002)
Lot Figeac Capdenac ⓘ Capdenac 2	Ref: Inventoire mineralogique de la ...
Pays de la Loire Loire-Atlantique Saint-Nazaire ⓘ Batz-sur-Mer	Chauris (2014)
Saint-Nazaire ⓘ Porcé	Baret (1905)

Germany
Bavaria Lower Bavaria Regen District Bodenmais ⓘ Silberberg Mine	Weiß (1990)
North Rhine-Westphalia Arnsberg Hochsauerlandkreis Marsberg ⓘ Copper mines	Schnorrer (2000) +1 other reference
Cologne Aachen Alsdorf ⓘ Anna mine	Blaß et al. (1993) +2 other references
ⓘ Anna I dump	Košek (2018) +1 other reference
Düsseldorf Essen Dellwig ⓘ Christian Levin coal mine	Weiß (1990)
Oberhausen Alstaden ⓘ Alstaden coal mine ?	www.wagnerul.de (n.d.)
Münster Recklinghausen Marl Hüls ⓘ Auguste Victoria coal mine	Weiß (1990)
Rhineland-Palatinate Mayen-Koblenz Vordereifel Ettringen ⓘ Caspar quarry	Blaß et al. (2004)
Saarland Saarlouis Reisbach ⓘ Dr. Schäfer mine	Thomas Kleser Collection / Analyses by ...
Saxony Bautzen District Oßling ⓘ Oßling Quarry	Wittern (2001)
Wittichenau ⓘ Dubring quarry	Wittern (2001)
Dresden ⓘ Willi Agatz mine	Thalheim +1 other reference
Görlitz District Quitzdorf am See Horscha ⓘ Pansberg quarry	86. +1 other reference
Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge Freital Döhlen ⓘ Carola Mine	Thalheim +1 other reference
Thuringia Greiz District Kauern ⓘ Lichtenberg Absetzer dump	Witzke et al. (1998)
Ronneburg ⓘ Lichtenberg open cast	Witzke et al. (1998)

Greece
Attica East Attica Lavreotiki Elaiochori Dipseliza mines ⓘ Dipseliza Sulfate Locality	Rieck (n.d.)
Plaka Plaka Mines ⓘ Plaka Sulfate Locality	Hanke et al. (1994) +2 other references
ⓘ Plaka Sulfate Locality II	Rieck (n.d.)
Sounion Cato Sounio mines ⓘ Sounion Sulfate Locality	Rieck (n.d.)
Central Macedonia Chalkidiki Aristotelis Kassandra mining district ⓘ Olympiada	www.brgm.fr (2003)
South Aegean Milos ⓘ Milos Island	Hall et al. (2003)
ⓘ Paliochori beach (Paleochori bay)	Balić-Žunić et al. (2016)
Thira Santorini Island Santorini Caldera ⓘ Nea Kameni Island	Balić-Žunić et al. (2016)

Guatemala
Quetzaltenango Department El Palmar Santiaguito Dome (Santiaguito Volcano) ⓘ Sapper Fumarole	www.excaliburmineral.com
Quetzaltenango ⓘ Santiaguito Dome (Santiaguito Volcano)	Stoiber et al. (1974)

Hungary
Baranya County Komló District ⓘ Komló	Szakáll et al. (1997)
ⓘ Coal Mine (Deep level)
Pécs District ⓘ Pécs-Vasas	Szakáll et al. (2008)
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County Gönc District Telkibánya ⓘ Gyepü Hill	Szakáll & Weiszburg: Telkibánya
Miskolc District Miskolc ⓘ Lyukóbánya	Szakáll et al. (1996)
ⓘ Radostyán	Sándor et al. (2005)
ⓘ Putnok District	Szakáll et al. (1997)
Fejér County Székesfehérvár District ⓘ Gánt	Szakáll et al. (1997)
Heves County Eger District Egercsehi ⓘ Egercsehi Coal Mine	Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary
Gyöngyös District Gyöngyösoroszi ⓘ Bányabérc adit	Farkas et al. (2009)
ⓘ Ezüstbánya-völgy adit	www.geomania.hu (2013)
Mátraszentimre ⓘ Szent Imre Mine	XRD: Ferenc Kristály
Komárom-Esztergom County ⓘ Tokodaltáró	Szakáll et al. (1996)
Nógrád County ⓘ Felsőpetény	Geoda - Journal of the Hungarian ...
Pest County Szob District Nagybörzsöny ⓘ Alsó-Rózsa adit	Szakáll et al. (1996)
Veszprém County Ajka District Nyirád ⓘ Nyirád Mine	Szakáll et al. (1997)

Iceland
Northeastern Region Þingeyjarsveit Skútustaðahreppur Myvatn ⓘ Krafla Volcano	Carson III (2015)

Indonesia
East Java Province Banyuwangi Regency ⓘ Ijen volcano	Inguaggiato et al. (2020)
Special Region of Yogyakarta ⓘ Fumaroles	Imants Kavalieros (1994)

Iran
Kerman Province Sirjan County Pariz ⓘ Sar Cheshmeh Mine (Sarcheshmeh Mine)	Khorasanipour (2015)
Yazd Province Ardakan County Kharanaq District Rabatat Rural District Saghand ⓘ Kavir-e-Sagand	Bariand et al. (1973) +1 other reference

Italy
Campania Metropolitan City of Naples Bacoli Miseno ⓘ Grotta dello Zolfo (Grotta di Allume)	Scacchi A. (1849) +3 other references
Ercolano ⓘ Atrio del Cavallo	Russo et al. (2004)
ⓘ Mount Vesuvius	Palache et al. (1951)
Pozzuoli ⓘ Antiniana (Scarfoglio)	Russo et al. (2017)
ⓘ Pisciarelli di Agnano	Mormone et al. (2015, April) +1 other reference
ⓘ Solfatara di Pozzuoli	Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference
ⓘ "Bocca Grande" fumarole	Russo et al. (2017)
ⓘ Vesuvius fumaroles	Pelloux (1927) +3 other references
Lazio Metropolitan City of Rome Capital Cerveteri Sasso di Furbara (Sasso) ⓘ Monte Sughereto Quarry	Barrese et al. (1994)
Liguria Genoa Sestri Levante ⓘ Libiola Mine	Antofilli et al. (1983)
Piedmont Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province Premosello-Chiovenda ⓘ Freva Mine (Cuzzago Mine; Buèr Mine; Cuzzago & Nibbio Mine)	Michele Verdi et al. (2025) +2 other references
Sardinia South Sardinia Province ⓘ Furtei	Fernando Caboni et al. (2024)
ⓘ Furtei mine	Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) +1 other reference
Villaputzu ⓘ Baccu Locci Mine	//doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2025.23.16
Sicily Metropolitan City of Messina Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands) Lipari Vulcano Island ⓘ La Fossa crater	Cossa (1881) +3 other references
Porto Levante ⓘ Faraglioni di Levante	Spallanzani (1792) +3 other references
ⓘ Faraglione Nico	Garavelli et al. (1996)
ⓘ Grotta dell'Allume	Panichi (1914) +1 other reference
ⓘ Faraglione Ranni	Garavelli et al. (1996)
Tuscany Livorno Province Capoliveri Cape Calamita Mine ⓘ Vallone stope	Rögner et al. (2000)
Rio Rio Marina Rio Mine ⓘ Vigneria stope	E. Manasse
Lucca Province Fabbriche di Vergemoli ⓘ Fornovolasco	Mauro (2020)
ⓘ Cava del Ferro (Bùgie mines; Trimpello)	Mauro D. (2016)
Stazzema Sant'Anna di Stazzema ⓘ Monte Arsiccio Mine	Biagioni et al. (2019) +1 other reference
Siena Province Chiusdino ⓘ Le Cetine di Cotorniano mine	Sabelli et al. (1984) +1 other reference

Japan
Akita Prefecture Kazuno City ⓘ Osarizawa Mine	Yamada (2004)
Fukushima Prefecture Minamisōma City ⓘ Odaka town	Seki et al. (1987)
Hokkaidō Prefecture Okhotsk Subprefecture Monbetsu City ⓘ Kōnomai mines	King (n.d.)
Sorachi Subprefecture Mikasa City ⓘ Ikushunbetsu	SHIMOBAYASHI et al. (2011)

Lebanon
South Governorate Jezzine District ⓘ Bhanine Valley	Kruszewski (2019)

Mexico
Chihuahua Aquiles Serdán Municipality Santa Eulalia Mining District East Camp ⓘ San Antonio Mine	Panczner (1987)

New Zealand
Bay of Plenty Region Rotorua District ⓘ Te Kopia geothermal area	Martin et al. (1999)
ⓘ Whakaari (White Island)	Railton et al. (1990)
Manawatu-Whanganui Region Ruapehu District ⓘ Mount Ruapehu	Railton et al. (1990)
Waikato Region Taupo District ⓘ Ketetahi Hot Springs	Johnstone (1979)
Orakeikorako Thermal Area (Orakei Korako; The Hidden Valley) ⓘ Ruatapu Cave (Alum Cave)	Rod Martin et al. (NZ)
ⓘ Tongariro Alpine Crossing Northern Circuit	Johnstone (1979)
Wairakei ⓘ Lake Rotokawa	An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing ... +2 other references
ⓘ Ngatamariki thermal area (Pavlova Spring)	Brotheridge et al. (1995)
Thames-Coromandel District Coromandel Peninsula Colville ⓘ Paritu	Collection of RJ Martin

Nicaragua
León Department ⓘ Cerro Negro volcano	Stoiber et al. (1974) +1 other reference
Telica Telica Volcano ⓘ San Jacinto mudpots	Hynek et al. (2013, March) +1 other reference

Norway
Nordland Fauske ⓘ Storhelleren	Rekstad (1912)
Lurøy Tonnes ⓘ Gjersvik Cave	Rekstad (1912) +1 other reference
ⓘ Tonnes Cave	Rekstad (1912) +1 other reference
Vestland Kvinnherad Ølve mining district ⓘ Attramadalen Mines (Atramdal)	Ellingsen (1989)

Peru
Arequipa Caylloma Province Chivay District ⓘ La Calera spring	Tyc et al. (2022)
ⓘ Pinchollo geyser	Ciesielczuk et al. (2013)
ⓘ Hualca Hualca solfatara	Tyc et al. (2022)
ⓘ Paclla geyser	Tyc et al. (2022)
Ayacucho Lucanas Province Huac-huas District ⓘ Javier Mine (Javier Ortega Mine)	Hyršl (2010) +1 other reference

Poland
Lesser Poland Voivodeship Tarnów County Gmina Ciężkowice ⓘ Stone Town Nature Reserve	Marszałek +2 other references
Lower Silesian Voivodeship Kamienna Góra County Gmina Marciszów ⓘ Wieściszowice	Balcerzak et al. (1992) +5 other references
Colourful Lakelets ⓘ Hoffnung Mine	Mochnacka et al. (2015)
Silesian Voivodeship Będzin County Wojkowice ⓘ Wojkowice burning coal-mining heap	Ł. Kruszewski visual inspection & ...
Mikołów County Łaziska Górne ⓘ Skalny dump	Lukasz Kruszewski 2005: Minerals arising in cause of underground fires of "Skalny" coal mine dump in Laziska (Upper Silesia, Poland)
Rybnik County Gmina Czerwionka-Leszczyny ⓘ Dębieńsko Mine heap	Parafiniuk et al. (2009)
ⓘ Upper Silesian Coal Basin	Kruszewski (2013)
Wodzisław County Radlin ⓘ Marcel mine heap	Kruszewski (2012)

Portugal
Azores São Miguel Povoação Furnas ⓘ Caldeiras das Furnas	Flahaut et al. (2018, September)
Beja Aljustrel Aljustrel e Rio de Moinhos Aljustrel Mine ⓘ Algares deposit	King (n.d.) +1 other reference
Mértola Corte do Pinto ⓘ São Domingos Mine
Setúbal Grândola Azinheira dos Barros ⓘ Lousal Mine	Oliveira et al. (2024)

Romania
Alba County Roșia Montană ⓘ Roşia Montană	Onac (2003)
Brașov County ⓘ Comăna
Harghita County ⓘ Bălan	Edited by Szakáll-Kristály (2010)
Hunedoara County Certeju de Sus ⓘ Săcărâmb	www.minerals-of-the-carpathians
Maramureș County Băiuț ⓘ Breiner Mine (Brainer Mine; Breiner deposit)	Januszewska et al. (2023)
ⓘ Johan Hell Mine	Januszewska et al. (9th Meeting of the Mineralogical Society of Poland 28th Meeting of the Petrology group of the Mineralogical Society of Poland, October 19-22, 2023, Bielawa, Poland)

Russia
Chelyabinsk Oblast ⓘ Chelyabinsk coal basin	Cesnokov et al. (1998)
Kamchatka Krai Ust-Bolsheretsky District Kambalny volcanic ridge ⓘ Severo-Kambalny geothermal field	Zhitova et al. (2018)
ⓘ Verkhne–Koshelevsky geothermal field	Zhitova et al. (2023)
Yelizovsky District ⓘ Avachinsky volcano (Avacha volcano; Avachinskaya Sopka)	Palache et al. (1951)
Kronotsky Reserve ⓘ Uzon Caldera	Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka
ⓘ Mutnovskoe	Okrugin (2004)
ⓘ Mutnovsky volcano	Bortnikova et al. (2008) +1 other reference
ⓘ Dachnoe thermal field	Zhitova et al. (2022)
ⓘ Donnoe fumarole field	Zhitova et al. (2022)
ⓘ Severo‐Mutnovsky thermal fields	Bortnikova et al. (2009, February)
Sakhalin Oblast Kuril Islands Severo-Kurilsky District Atlasov Island Alaid volcano ⓘ Olimpiyskiy Fissure	Vergasova et al. (1977) +1 other reference

Senegal
Ziguinchor Region ⓘ Djiguinoum Valley	Montoroi (1995)

Slovakia
Banská Bystrica Region Banská Bystrica District Špania Dolina ⓘ Špania Dolina deposit	Kodě +1 other reference
Banská Štiavnica District ⓘ Banská Štiavnica	Smithsonian Institution USNM ...
ⓘ Banky	Koděra et al. (1986)
Revúca District Nandraž ⓘ Elena Mine	Martin Števko-unpublished
Žarnovica District Hodruša-Hámre ⓘ Hodruša-Hámre mines	Kodě +1 other reference
Nová Baňa ⓘ Nová Baňa deposit	Koděra et al. (1986)
Rudno nad Hronom ⓘ Rudno nad Hronom-Brehy deposit	Koděra et al. (1986)
Košice Region Gelnica District ⓘ Smolník	Koděra et al. (1986)
ⓘ Smolník Cu-Fe-S deposit	Koděra (1990)
Košice-okolie District Nižná Myšľa ⓘ Andesite quarry	Ďuďa R. et al. (1985)
Prešov Region Prešov District Červenica ⓘ Dubník	Duda et al. (1992)
ⓘ Libanka	Koděra et al. (1986)
ⓘ Jozef adit	David Parfitt collection
ⓘ Slávik adit	Koděra et al. (1986)
Trenčín Region Prievidza District Handlová ⓘ Handlová coal mine	Myšľan P. et al. (Slovenská republika)

South Africa
Mpumalanga Ehlanzeni District Municipality Thaba Chweu Local Municipality Lydenburg ⓘ Potloodspruit farm	Cairncross et al. (1995)

Spain
Andalusia Almería Cuevas del Almanzora Sierra Almagrera ⓘ Golosina mine	Georges FAVREAU collection and EDX ...
ⓘ Jaroso Ravine	Frost et al. (2007)
ⓘ San Antonio mine	Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ...
Níjar Rodalquilar Cerro del Cinto ⓘ Dique 2	Sintes et al. (2025)
ⓘ Dique 7	Sintes et al. (2025)
ⓘ Filón 340	Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023)
ⓘ Filón 450	Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023)
ⓘ María Josefa Mine	Borja Sainz de Baranda Graf Collection
Pechina Baños de Alhamilla ⓘ Mina Casualidad	Rewitzer et al. (2020)
Santa Cruz de Marchena ⓘ Varios Amigos Mine	Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2025) +1 other reference
Huelva Alosno Tharsis ⓘ Tharsis Mines	Valente et al. (2013)
ⓘ Filón Centro	Valente et al. (2013)
Minas de Riotinto Rio Tinto Mines ⓘ Alfredo pit	Calvo (1999)
Aragon Teruel Libros ⓘ Libros sulphur mines	www.handbookofmineralogy.org (n.d.)
Catalonia Barcelona Baix Llobregat Cervelló ⓘ Riera de Cervelló Mines	Joan Rosell (2022)
Gavà Bruguers ⓘ Elvira Mine	Rosell-Riba et al. (2022)
Molins de Rei Sant Bartomeu de la Quadra ⓘ Can Tintorer Mines	Mingueza et al. (Min. Catalunya/Paragénesis, 2025)
Barcelonès Barcelona city Collserola mountain range Santa Creu d'Olorda ⓘ Sot de les Mines ?	Tomas (1919-20)
Tarragona Priorat La Vilella Alta ⓘ Alum mines	Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com)
Extremadura Cáceres Tajo-Salor Aliseda ⓘ Pastora Mine	Crespo et al. (2017)

Switzerland
Valais Sierre Anniviers Saint-Luc ⓘ Forêt du Lâche	Ansermet (2012)

Tajikistan
Sughd Ayni District Fan-Jagnob coal deposit ⓘ Kukhi-Malik tract	D.I.Belakovskiy data
Zeravshan Range Yagnob River ⓘ Ravat village	Belakovski (1990) +1 other reference

UK
England Cornwall Camborne ⓘ Dolcoath Mine	[British Museum (NH) +1 other reference
Penzance Wherrytown ⓘ Wherry Mine	Sir Arthur Russell (1949) +1 other reference
ⓘ Scotland	Tindle (2008)
Renfrewshire ⓘ Paisley	Livingstone et al. (1983)

Ukraine
Sevastopol Balaklava district ⓘ Cape Fiolent	Dobrovolskaya T.I. (2004)

USA
Alaska Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area Ketchikan Mining District Prince of Wales Island Bokan Mountain ⓘ Atom Marietta prospect	- (2008)
Arizona Coconino County San Franciscan volcanic field (San Francisco Peaks; San Francisco Mts) ⓘ Sunset Crater (Sunset Peak)	Hanson et al. (2008)
Vermillion Cliffs Mining District Cliff Dwellers Lodge ⓘ Alterite type locality	rruff.info (n.d.)
Yavapai County Black Hills (Black Hill Range) Verde Mining District Jerome ⓘ United Verde Mine	Univ. of AZ Bull. 41 (1916-17) +5 other references
California Alameda County Oakland Hills (San Leandro Hills) Oakland Leona Heights Leona Heights deposit ⓘ Alma Mine	Schaller (1903) +3 other references
ⓘ Leona Mine (Leona Heights Mine)	Committee et al. (1989)
Contra Costa County Clayton Mount Diablo (Mt Diablo) ⓘ Mount Diablo Mine	Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference
Inyo County Coso Hot Springs ⓘ Coso Hot Springs deposit	Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference
Marin County Fort Barry ⓘ Bunker Road tunnel (Unspecified road tunnel)	Murdoch (1966)
Mariposa County Buena Vista ⓘ P and L Mine	Bradley (1939) +3 other references
Merced County Stayton Mining District (McLeod Mining District; Panoche Mining District) Antimony Peak ⓘ Stayton Mine (Stayton Quicksilver Mine; Pacific claim of Stayton group)	Cooper et al. (1989)
Napa County Knoxville Mining District Knoxville ⓘ McLaughlin Mine (Manhattan Mine)	Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference
Nevada County Nevada City Mining District Nevada City ⓘ Providence Gold Quartz Mine (Providence Gold Qtz; Providence Mine)	Lindgren (1896a) +1 other reference
Placer County Wheatland Mining District Kilaga Springs ⓘ Kilaga Mine	Bradley (1940) +1 other reference
San Benito County Central San Benito Mining District Llanada ⓘ Lea-Grant Mine (Lea Grant Mine; Toothache Mine; Wild Turkey Mine; Juniper Mine; Jupiter Mine)	Pemberton (1983)
San Bernardino County Quail Mountains Brown Mountain ⓘ American Magnesium Company Mine	Hewett et al. (1936) +3 other references
San Luis Obispo County ⓘ Paso Robles	- (1917) +1 other reference
Santa Barbara County ⓘ Hope Ranch [2]	Kampf et al. (2024)
Shasta County Lassen Volcanic National Park ⓘ Lassen Peak	Day (1925) +2 other references
Sonoma County West Mayacmas Mining District ⓘ The Geysers	Allen (1927) +6 other references
Colorado Delta County ⓘ Doughty Springs	Eckel et al. (1997)
ⓘ Gunnison Forks (Sulphur Mine; Thomas)	Eckel et al. (1997)
Dolores County Lone Cone Mining District (Dunton Mining District) ⓘ Emma Mine (Barbara; Normandic; Brooklyn; MS 18498; Sirius; MS 12931; Cynthia; Orion; MS 12953a; Modern Mines)	Eckel et al. (1997)
Jefferson County Foothill Mining District ⓘ US Highway 285 roadcut	Eckel et al. (1997)
Golden Mining District Golden ⓘ I-70 roadcut	Eckel et al. (1997)
Morrison Area ⓘ Morrison Road roadcut	Eckel et al. (1997)
Teller County ⓘ Cripple Creek Mining District	Carnein et al. (2005)
Maine Oxford County Rumford ⓘ Howe Hill Nickel mine ?	King et al. (1994)
Massachusetts Franklin County Rowe ⓘ Davis Pyrite Mine	Cerato
Missouri Boone County ⓘ Loutre formation	Sherwood et al. (1998)
Henry County ⓘ Grand River	Sherwood et al. (1998)
Vernon County ⓘ Fleming Formation	Sherwood et al. (1998)
Nebraska Jefferson County Fairbury ⓘ Dakota formation	Chemical Geology Volume 215
Nemaha County Brownville ⓘ Indian Cave Sandstone	Robert Matthew Joeckel et al. (2007)
Nevada Esmeralda County ⓘ Goldfield Mining District	Castor et al. (2004)
ⓘ Combination Mine	Castor et al. (2004)
Goldfield ⓘ Red Top Mine	Castor et al. (2004)
ⓘ January mine	Castor et al. (2004)
Nye County Cactus Range Cactus Springs Mining District Urania Peak ⓘ Urania Mine	Castor et al. (2004)
Pershing County Gerlach area ⓘ Unnamed locality	Castor et al. (2004)
Tobin and Sonoma Range Mining District ⓘ Big Mike Mine	Peterson et al. (2006)
Storey County ⓘ Comstock Mining District	Castor et al. (2004)
Washoe County Pyramid Mining District Burrus vein system ⓘ Burrus Mine	Castor et al. (2004)
ⓘ Franco-American mine (Nevada Dominion mine; Blondin mine)	Castor et al. (2004)
ⓘ Steamboat Springs Mining District	MinRec 16 (1)
New Mexico Catron County ⓘ Reserve	Northrop et al. (1996)
Wilcox Mining District Lone Pine Hill area ⓘ Yellow Peril prospect	USGS Bull 1451
Colfax County ⓘ Abbott Ranch	Northrop et al. (1996)
Grant County ⓘ Alum Mountain Mining District (Alum Mining District)	Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference
Alum Canyon ⓘ Unnamed Alunogen prospect	USGS Bull 1451
ⓘ Alunogen No. 2 Tunnel	USGS Bull 1451
ⓘ Alunogen No. 4 tunnel	USGS Bull 1451
ⓘ Gila Fluorspar Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Green Spar Mine	Northrop et al. (1996)
Guadalupe County ⓘ Pastura Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Pintado Canyon	Palache et al. (1951)
Luna County ⓘ Cookes Peak Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Alum Cave	Northrop et al. (1996)
McKinley County ⓘ Gallup Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Bacon Spring	Northrop et al. (1996)
San Juan County ⓘ Farmington	Northrop et al. (1996)
San Miguel County ⓘ Las Vegas Hot Springs (Montezuma Hot Springs)	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Tecolote District	Northrop et al. (1996)
Taos County ⓘ Red River Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
New York Tompkins County ⓘ Ithaca	Palache et al. (1951)
ⓘ Portland Point	Jensen (1978) +1 other reference
North Carolina ⓘ Catawba County	Genth (1891) +1 other reference
Cleveland County ⓘ Mountain Mine	Dana 6:1075.
ⓘ Iredell County	Genth (1891) +1 other reference
ⓘ Jackson County	...
ⓘ Rutherford County	Genth (1891) +1 other reference
Swain County ⓘ Great Smoky Mountains	Coskren et al. (2000)
Ohio Franklin County Columbus ⓘ Bill Moose Run	King (n.d.)
ⓘ Glen Echo Ravine ?	Ernest H. Carlson. Jerret Whitford. ...
Huron County Huron River ⓘ Huron Shale burn site	Richards et al. (2017)
Monroeville West Branch Huron River ⓘ Blue Bridge	gsa.confex.com (2002)
Meigs County Langsville ⓘ Old strip mine	Carlson (2015)
Pennsylvania ⓘ Allegheny County	Gordon (1922)
Centre County State College Skytop ⓘ Interstate 99 Skytop roadcut	U.S. Geological Survey/ U.s. Department ... +1 other reference
Columbia County ⓘ Centralia	STRACHER et al. (2007)
Northumberland County ⓘ Burnside	Lapham et al. (1980)
Philadelphia County Philadelphia ⓘ Fairmount Park	Gordon (1922)
East Falls ⓘ Ridge Avenue and School Lane Quarries	Gordon
ⓘ Falls of Schuylkill	Gordon (1922)
ⓘ Germantown
ⓘ Wissahickon Valley	Gordon (1922)
South Dakota Fall River County ⓘ Edgemont Uranium Mining District	Smith et al. (2000)
Lawrence County Galena Mining District Galena ⓘ Gilt Edge Mine (Rattlesnake Jack; Dakota Maid; Ruby Ridge; Gilt Edge Glory Hole; Oro-Fina; Anchor Hill Mines 0460810072)
Tennessee Polk County Parkwood ⓘ Ocoee River Road	Paris (2011)
Sevier County ⓘ Alum Cave Bluff	Coskren et al. (2000)
Utah Emery County Calf Mesa Mining District ⓘ Dexter group	Bullock (1981)
ⓘ Dexter No. 7 Mine	Rosenzweig et al. (1955)
ⓘ San Rafael River Mining District	Young et al. (1960)
Temple Mountain Mining District North Mesa Mine Group ⓘ Lopez Incline	Patrick Haynes
Garfield County Escalante Mountains Coyote Creek Mining District (Antimony Mining District) ⓘ Hampton Mine	Bullock (1981)
Piute County Marysvale Mining District ⓘ Freedom No. 2 Mine	Gu et al. (2025)
San Juan County ⓘ Deer Flat Mining District	Finnell et al. (1963)
ⓘ W.N. Mine	USGS Bull 1132
Vermont Orange County Strafford South Strafford ⓘ Elizabeth Mine	Hammarstrom et al. (1999)
Vershire South Vershire ⓘ Ely Mine	Piatak et al. (2004)
Virginia Fredericksburg ⓘ Hazel Run	Dietrich (1990)
Louisa County Gold-Pyrite Belt Mineral ⓘ Sulphur Mine (Crenshaw Mine; Victoria Furnace Mine)	Dietrich (1990)
Prince Edward County Farmville District Madisonville ⓘ Baker Mountain Mine	Dietrich (1990)
Washington Chelan County Railroad Creek Mining District ⓘ Holden Mine	Kilburn et al. (1996)
ⓘ Mount Rainier National Park	Rye et al. (2003)
Yakima County Mount Adams ⓘ Mount Adams summit	Cannon (1975)

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Alunogen

About AlunogenHide

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Classification of AlunogenHide

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Optical Data of AlunogenHide

Chemistry of AlunogenHide

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