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Szomolnokite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Szomolnokite
View of the SmolnĂk polymetallic mining area, in 1905.
SmolnĂk Cu-Fe-S deposit, SmolnĂk, Gelnica District, KoĆĄice Region, Slovakia
SmolnĂk Cu-Fe-S deposit, SmolnĂk, Gelnica District, KoĆĄice Region, Slovakia
Formula:
FeSO4 · H2O
Colour:
Pale yellow or reddish-brown, may also be light blue, very pale greenish white to white, rarely pink due to cobalt
Lustre:
Resinous, Greasy, Dull
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
3.03 - 3.07
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Joseph Krenner in 1877 for the type locality, at Szomolnok, Slovakia (formerly Hungary).
Type Locality:
A common alteration product of iron sulphides (pyrite, marcasite, pyrrhotite).
Forms a complete solid solution with kieserite (Talla and Wildner, 2019).
End-member szomolnokite, FeSO4·H2O, is monoclinic, and synthetic CuSO4·H2O is triclinic. The cell-parameter refinements of (Fe,Cu)SO4·H2O compounds show a reduction in symmetry from monoclinic to triclinic beyond 20 mol% Cu. By Mössbauer spectroscopy significant ordering involving the cations can be observed only in members of the solid solution with more than 20 mol% Cu. Site ordering is characterized by a preference of ferrous iron for the less distorted site (Giester et al., 1994).
Forms a complete solid solution with kieserite (Talla and Wildner, 2019).
End-member szomolnokite, FeSO4·H2O, is monoclinic, and synthetic CuSO4·H2O is triclinic. The cell-parameter refinements of (Fe,Cu)SO4·H2O compounds show a reduction in symmetry from monoclinic to triclinic beyond 20 mol% Cu. By Mössbauer spectroscopy significant ordering involving the cations can be observed only in members of the solid solution with more than 20 mol% Cu. Site ordering is characterized by a preference of ferrous iron for the less distorted site (Giester et al., 1994).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3859
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3859:7
IMA Classification of Szomolnokite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Fe2+S6+O4·H2O
Classification of Szomolnokite
7.CB.05
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
Dana 7th ed.:
29.6.2.2
29.6.2.2
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
25.10.1
25 : Sulphates
10 : Sulphates of Fe alone
25 : Sulphates
10 : Sulphates of Fe alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Szo | IMAâCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Szomolnokite
Resinous, Greasy, Dull
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Pale yellow or reddish-brown, may also be light blue, very pale greenish white to white, rarely pink due to cobalt
Streak:
Not reported.
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.03 - 3.07 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.10 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Szomolnokite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.591 nβ = 1.623 nγ = 1.663
2V:
Measured: 80° , Calculated: 86°
Birefringence:
0.072
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.072
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ”m thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ”m thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v strong
Optical Extinction:
X ^ c = -26°, Y = b.
Chemistry of Szomolnokite
Mindat Formula:
FeSO4 · H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Cu,Co
Crystallography of Szomolnokite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Setting:
C2/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.62 Å, b = 7.47 Å, c = 7.12 Å
β = 115.85°
β = 115.85°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.02 : 1 : 0.953
Unit Cell V:
364.73 Ă
Âł (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Usually in fine-grained crusts, may be globular to stalactitic; rarely in bipyramidal tiny crystals, {-111} and {110}, also tabular parallel to {-111}.
Twinning:
Reported as common, but no forms given.
Comment:
ICDD 45-1365
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014852 | Szomolnokite | Wildner M, Giester G (1991) The crystal structures of kieserite-type compounds. I. Crystal structures of Me(II)SO4*H2O (Me = Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Zn) Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1991 296-306 | 1991 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.86 Ă | (20) |
| 3.45 Ă | (100) |
| 3.30 Ă | (30) |
| 3.11 Ă | (50) |
| 2.53 Ă | (40) |
| 1.998 Ă | (30) |
| 1.622 Ă | (30) |
| 1.600 Ă | (40) |
Comments:
ICDD 45-1365
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
A secondary mineral found in the oxidation zones of sulfide mineral deposits, particularly noted as forming from the oxidation of pyrite.
Type Occurrence of Szomolnokite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidized iron-bearing ores, sometimes post-mine.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Szomolnokite
Other Language Names for Szomolnokite
Dutch:Szomolnokiet
German:Szomolnokit
Russian:ĐĄŃĐŸĐŒĐŸĐ»ŃĐœĐŸĐșĐžŃ
Simplified Chinese:æ°ŽéçŸ
Spanish:Szomolnokita
Traditional Chinese:æ°Žé”瀏
Relationship of Szomolnokite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Kieserite Group:
| Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Ermeloite | Al(PO4) · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Serrabrancaite | MnPO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Szmikite | MnSO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 8 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 4 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Halotrichite | Fe2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 4 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 4 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Magnesiocopiapite | MgFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 3 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Metavoltine | K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 2 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 2 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O |
| 2 photos of Szomolnokite associated with Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O |
| 1 photo of Szomolnokite associated with Natrozippeite | Na5(UO2)8(SO4)4O5(OH)3 · 12H2O |
| 1 photo of Szomolnokite associated with Bobjonesite | (V4+O)(SO4) · 3H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.CB. | Sarvodaite | Al2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.02 | Voudourisite | CdSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szmikite | MnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | (Cu,Fe)SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 · 3H2O |
| 7.CB.12 | Belogubite | CuZn(SO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Aplowite | CoSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Rozenite | FeSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Ilesite | Mn2+(SO4) · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Boyleite | ZnSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | JÎkokuite | MnSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | Mn2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | Ni2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Hexahydrite | Mg(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Bianchite | Zn(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | Co2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) |
| 7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | Zn(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu2+)(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Bieberite | Co2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Boothite | Cu2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Mallardite | Mn2+(H2O)6(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Lazaridisite | Cd3(SO4)3 · 8H2O |
| 7.CB.52 | Pararaisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe4(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Raisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.57 | 'Caichengyunite' | Fe2+3Al2(SO4)6 · 30H2O |
| 7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 11H2O |
| 7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe2(SO4)4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | ZnAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Halotrichite | Fe2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | Fe2+Cr3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | BĂlinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | Co2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 · 11H2O |
Fluorescence of Szomolnokite
Not fluorescent.
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Szomolnokite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3859.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Szomolnokite
Reference List:
Bandy, Mark C. (1938) Mineralogy of three sulphate deposits of northern Chile. American Mineralogist, 23 (11) 669-760
Chouinard, A., Williams-Jones, A. E., Leonardson, R. W., Hodgson, C. J., Silva, P., Tellez, C., Vega, J., Rojas, F. (2005) Geology and Genesis of the Multistage High-Sulfidation Epithermal Pascua Au-Ag-Cu Deposit, Chile and Argentina. Economic Geology, 100 (3) 463-490 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.100.3.463[occurrence as a primary phase]
Talla, Dominik, Wildner, Manfred (2019) Investigation of the kieseriteâszomolnokite solid-solution series, (Mg,Fe)SO4·H2O, with relevance to Mars: Crystal chemistry, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy under ambient and martian temperature conditions. American Mineralogist, 104 (12) 1732-1749 doi:10.2138/am-2019-6983
Localities for Szomolnokite
Showing 184 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
â - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Gablina et al. (2018) |
Australia | |
| Red River Resources |
| Harris et al. (2003) |
| R Bottrill (in prep 2018) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| |
| Götzinger (2008) |
| Taucher (1993) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2008) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2022) | |
| Taucher et al. (1993) |
| Postl et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Hollerer (1999) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Taucher et al. (1995) |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel (1973) +2 other references |
Bolivia | |
| Cacho et al. (2019) |
Bulgaria | |
| Dimitrova +3 other references |
Canada | |
| Sabina (1967) |
| Transactions of the Canadian Institute ... +2 other references |
| Izawa et al. (2011) |
| Grice (1989) |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1992) +1 other reference |
| Jambor et al. (1962) |
| Sabina (1992) +1 other reference | |
Chile | |
| identified by Gerhard Möhn |
| M.Dini & A.Molina collection | |
| identified by Gerhard Möhn | |
| Kampf +5 other references |
| XRD by Joy Desor | |
| Werthessen (2016) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Kampf et al. (2013) |
| Kampf et al. (2013) | |
| Deyell et al. (2005) +2 other references |
China | |
| Liu et al. (2018) |
| Chunqi Wen et al. (2002) +2 other references |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
Costa Rica | |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Czech Republic | |
| ĆœĂĄÄek et al. (1995) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| MachĂĄÄek V.: Szomolnokit z chebskĂ© ... |
| HlouĆĄek et al. (2002) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| MatĂœsek et al. (2014) |
Ecuador | |
| Embley et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| |
| |
| R. Pierrot |
| PĂ©lisson (1989) |
| |
| G. Demarcq |
| |
| Bourgoin et al. (2011) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Kaiser (1983) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) |
| Giesler et al. (2020) |
| WeiĂ (1990) |
| Steinkamm et al. (1988) |
| WeiĂ (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Hentschel (1990) |
| Hentschel (1990) | |
| Hentschel (1990) |
| Hentschel (1990) |
| Hentschel |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
| Skarpelis et al. (2004) |
Guatemala | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
Hungary | |
| SzakĂĄll et al. (1997) |
| SzakĂĄll et al. (1996) |
| LovĂĄsz A. (2014) | |
| SzakĂĄll: Minerals of RudabĂĄnya +1 other reference |
| SzakĂĄll et al. (1997) | |
| SzakĂĄll et al. (1997) |
| SzakĂĄll et al. (1997) |
| SzakĂĄll-JĂĄnosi: Minerals of Hungary | |
| SĂĄndor et al. (2005) |
| SzakĂĄll et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| collector: GĂĄbor Koller |
| SĂĄndor et al. (2005) |
| SzakĂĄll et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| SzakĂĄll et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| SzakĂĄll et al. (1997) | |
| SzakĂĄll et al. (1997) |
| SzakĂĄll et al. (1997) |
Iceland | |
| Carson III (2015) |
Iran | |
| Bariand et al. (1977) |
Italy | |
| Adorni F. (1997) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| Michele Verdi et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
Japan | |
| Matsubara et al. (2006) |
Lebanon | |
| Kruszewski (2019) |
Mexico | |
| Gazquez et al. (1) |
Nicaragua | |
| Hynek et al. (2013) |
Norway | |
| Van der Vel (1970) +2 other references |
Poland | |
| CabaĆa et al. (2008) |
Portugal | |
| Oliveira et al. (2024) |
Romania | |
| Marincea et al. (1997) |
| SzakĂĄll et al. (2010) |
| Januszewska et al. (9th Meeting of the Mineralogical Society of Poland 28th Meeting of the Petrology group of the Mineralogical Society of Poland, October 19-22, 2023, Bielawa, Poland) +1 other reference |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Nishanbaev et al. (2016) |
| Zanin et al. (2009) |
| Zanin et al. (2009) | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Slovakia | |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| KodÄra (1990) | |
| KodÄra et al. (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Navarro et al. (2009) |
| Navarro et al. (2008) |
| Navarro et al. (2008) | |
| Valente et al. (2013) |
| Valente et al. (2013) | |
| Bocamina (4) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) | |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Graeser S. (2005) |
| Andermatt (2010) |
Tunisia | |
| Smykatz-Kloss et al. (2010) |
UK | |
| - (BM 1985 MI.33592 & 33593) |
Ukraine | |
| Zanin et al. (2009) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Howard (2007) |
| Majzlan et al. (2011) |
| Jamieson et al. (2005) | |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| collected by Eckhard D. Stuart |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi (1994) |
| Domonell (1997) |
| Milton (1977) | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Guilbert and Zeihen 1964 +1 other reference |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Januzzi +1 other reference |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Rocks & Min. +1 other reference | |
| ... | |
| Min News 6:8 p3 |
| Schindler et al. (2003) | |
| Patrick Haynes. ID via the late Howard ... |
| Patrick Haynes. IDs by the late Howard ... |
| Min News 5:10 p1-5 | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dana 7:II: 480 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
Mars | |
| Bishop et al. (2009) |
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Alcaparrosa Mine, Sierra Gorda, Antofagasta Province, Antofagasta, Chile