Kawadgaon-Challanpara pegmatite field, Dantewada District, Chhattisgarh, India i
Regional Level Types
Kawadgaon-Challanpara pegmatite field Pegmatite Field
Dantewada District District
Chhattisgarh State
India Country

Singh, Yamuna, Chabria, T. (2002) Early Proterozoic 87Rb-86Sr Model Ages of Pegmatitic Muscovite from Rare Metal-bearing Granite-Pegamtite System of Kawadgaon, Bastar Craton, Central India. Gondwana Research, 5 (4) 889-893 doi:10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70924-2

Köppen climate type:

Aw : Tropical savanna, wet

Mindat Locality ID:

467737

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:2:467737:9

GUID (UUID V4):

The pegmatites occur within the Kawadgaon granite either as veins or as fracture fillings. The pegmatites are considered co-genetic with the granite based on field relations, despite large differences in estimated ages( granite 2497+/- 152Ma and pegmatites 2330-1850Ma).

The pegmatites range from small barren veins to lenticular, tabular, elongated, stock- or pod-shaped, tear-shaped, ramifying and branching bodies of variable dimensions up to 300 m long and up to 100 m wide. They also occur as isolated veins and dykes, and groups of 3 - 4 pegmatites forming criss-cross veination. Many pegmatites near Kawadgaon form up to 30 - 50 m high linear ridges or mounds. The pegmatite dykes are sub-vertical to vertical.

Singh et al.(2019) estimate that around 40 tonnes of Nb–Ta minerals and 45 tonnes of beryl, besides monazite has been produced from 150000 tonnes of pegmatite. Also cassiterite has been mined.

Singe et al.(2017) classify the pegmatites as
- Barren to beryl bearing pegmatites
- Beryl type Nb rich columbite/tantalite pegmatites
- Beryl type Ta-rich columbite/tantalite pegmatites
- Albitised tin pegmatites

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.

ⓘ Beryllium

ⓘ Niobium (Columbium)

ⓘ Rare Earths

ⓘ Tantalum

ⓘ Tin

Mineral List

Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

17 valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

ⓘ Greisen

ⓘ 'Pegmatite'

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ 'Aeschynite'

Description: Aeschynite occur in thin pockets in association with greisenised zones. In polished sections it is optically isotropic because of its metamict nature. At normal temperatures, aeschynite do not show its characteristic XRD pattern; however, on heating at about 900 - 1000 degrees aeschynite show its characteristic XRD pattern.

References:

Singh, Yamuna, Pandit, P. S. C., Bagora, Sanjay, Jain, P. K. (2017) Mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of co-genetic granite-pegmatite-hosted rare metal and rare earth deposits of the Kawadgaon area, Bastar craton, Central India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 89 (2) 115-130 doi:10.1007/s12594-017-0574-2

ⓘ Albite

Formula: Na(AlSi₃O₈)

Description: The albitised pegmatites contain grey - white, and earthy albite. Due to pervasive albitisation, some of the perthites have been almost completely replaced by albite. Albite also occurs as the cleavelandite variety and / or equigranular saccharoidal aggregates of sugary albite, with or without intergrown tiny quartz grains and greenish mica.

References:

ⓘ Albite var. Cleavelandite

Formula: Na(AlSi₃O₈)

References:

ⓘ Almandine

Formula: Fe²⁺₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃

References:

ⓘ Beryl

Formula: Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)

Description: Beryl is mostly earthy-white, greenish, occasionally yellowish, with or without iron oxide stainings, particularly along fractures. It occurs in various sizes ranging from tiny to large euhedral crystals. It exhibits a columnar habit, representing a combination of hexagonal prism and a pinacoid. Often, euhedral crystals measuring from 1 cm in length and less than 1 cm in width to 30 cm in length and 15 cm in width have been found around the quartz core. In places, well-developed prismatic crystals occur within the quartz core, which vary in size from 1 cm in length and less than 1 cm in diameter to 10 cm in length and 10 cm in diameter. Twinned and zoned crystals are also present. Significantly, abundant beryl crystals of different sizes have also been found studded within perthite zones.

References:

ⓘ 'Biotite'

Formula: K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂

References:

ⓘ Cassiterite

Formula: SnO₂

Description: Cassiterite occurs in albitised pegmatites in the form of small anhedral to euhedral crystals. In albitised portions, pockets of aggregates of euhedral cassiterite crystals have been found. In certain pegmatites pockets, cassiterite aggregates of up to 15 cm x 12 cm x 8 cm have been found. XRD analysis of cassiterite revealed that apart from cassiterite (bulk), trace amounts of ixiolite, wodginite, microlite, and ilmenite are also present in it as intergrown phases. Albite is the main host mineral of cassiterite. Minor silvery white mica, sugary albite, and cleavelandite are associated with cassiterite in the Sn-pegmatites.

References:

ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)

Formula: Fe²⁺Nb₂O₆

References:

ⓘ 'Columbite-Tantalite'

Habit: tabular

Colour: black and brownish black

Description: Columbite-tantalite is black and brownish black, and is fine to coarse-grained, massive, tabular (generally 0.1 -2.0 cm thick), and vertically stacked crystals. It occurs randomly distributed in the intermediate zone, but is mostly located close to quartz core. The largest crystal found was 15 cm in length, 11cm in breadth, and 4.5 cm in thickness. In addition, it also occurs as fine grains and lumps. Intergrown columbite-tantalite and ixiolite crystals may occur with relative variable abundances. Such intergrowths contain more Ta than Nb. Columbite-tantalite shows large chemical variations. It contains 30.93 to 58.51% Nb2O5, 16.32 to 38.80% Ta2O5, and 0.84 to 16.77% SnO2. In general Fe (10.08 to 15.19% FeO) predominates over Mn (2.84 to 6.78% MnO), with Ta/(Ta+Nb) 0.25 to 0.64 and Mn/(Mn+Fe) 0.51 to 0.37. Appreciable amounts of W (0.38 to 1.40% WO3) and Ti (1.43 to 2.64% TiO2) are also present. The columbite-tantalite is invariably radioactive due to presence of U (0.08 to 0.17% U3O8) and Th (0.02 to 1.03% ThO2) contents

References:

ⓘ Euxenite-(Y)

Formula: (Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₆

Description: Euxenite occur in thin pockets in association with greisenised zones. Polished sections are optically isotropic because of their metamict nature. At normal temperatures, euxenite do not show its characteristic XRD patterns; however, on heating at about 800 euxenite show its characteristic XRD patterns.

References:

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'

References:

ⓘ 'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'

References:

ⓘ Fersmite

Formula: CaNb₂O₆

Description: Fersmite occurs as a minor phase associated with columbite-tantalite.

References:

ⓘ Hematite

Formula: Fe₂O₃

References:

ⓘ Ilmenite

Formula: Fe²⁺TiO₃

References:

ⓘ 'Ixiolite-(Mn2+)-Ixiolite-(Fe2+) Series'

Description: Ixiolite is iron black to greyish in colour with (determined) specific gravity varying between 5.34 and 6.65. In a pegmatite at Metapal, it is the main ore mineral that occurs in all the zones as a major Nb-Ta mineral. Fe rich, Nb-dominant ixiolite has been analysed. It is characterized by a high Nb (58.8% Nb2O5)and low Ta (14.2% Ta2O5)content. The Sn content is also very low (0.3% SnO2). It is also Fe dominant as the FeO (10.6%) content is two times more than MnO (5.6%) content.

References:

ⓘ Magnetite

Formula: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄

References:

ⓘ Microcline

Formula: K(AlSi₃O₈)

Description: Perthitic and non-perthitic microcline is the main feldspar. Coarse crystals and blebs of perthite are also seen within the quartz cores near their margins. Coarse-grained feldspar lenses are cut by irregular masses of grey quartz, which themselves contain subhedral perthitic crystals. The inner parts of the intermediate zones of several zoned pegmatites consist almost entirely of perthite, whereas, the outer parts comprise intergrowths of quartz, feldspar, and muscovite and occasionally biotite.

References:

ⓘ 'Microlite Group'

Formula: A_2-mTa₂X_6-wZ_-n

Description: Microlite occurs in association with columbite-tantalite and also independently. However, it is difficult to distinguish it megascopically from other Nb-Ta phases

References:

ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)

Formula: Ce(PO₄)

Description: Brownish yellow monazite occurs as fine- to coarse grained fragments, lumps, and crystals. The monazite has also been observed in jig concentrates of many pegmatites, having a concentration of less than 1% with crystals of up to 1.3 cm in size. It also occurs in anhedral, tabular, and elongated habits. Bigger crystals display flattened [100] or elongated [100] habit, and show development of (100) or (111) faces. Crystal faces are smooth, pitted, or striated.

References:

ⓘ Muscovite

Formula: KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂

Description: Primary muscovite is colourless or ruby red, and present almost in all pegmatite zones. Bigger books and tabular crystals up to 15 cm across are present in wall / intermediate zones of the pegmatites.

References:

ⓘ 'Plagioclase'

Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈

References:

ⓘ Quartz

Formula: SiO₂

Description: Massive or fractured, colourless to milky white and opalescent quartz is the most abundant mineral that is present in all zones of the pegmatites. In the core, it is present as a massive body or small disconnected lenses. At places, it is brecciated and crushed into pieces of variable lengths (3-8 cm) being set in a siliceous and ferruginous groundmass. Quartz crystals with comb pattern are also found. Occasionally, quartz occurs in miarolitic cavities of various shapes and sizes.

References:

ⓘ 'Tapiolite'

Formula: (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆

References:

ⓘ Topaz

Formula: Al₂(SiO₄)(F,OH)₂

References:

ⓘ Wodginite

Formula: Mn²⁺Sn⁴⁺Ta₂O₈

Localities:

Challanpara Pegmatite, Kawadgaon-Challanpara pegmatite field, Dantewada District, Chhattisgarh, India
Kawadgaon-Challanpara pegmatite field, Dantewada District, Chhattisgarh, India

ⓘ 'Xenotime'

References:

ⓘ Zircon

Formula: Zr(SiO₄)

References:

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘ	'Ixiolite-(Mn2+)-Ixiolite-(Fe2+) Series'	4..
ⓘ	'Microlite Group'	4.00.	A_2-mTa₂X_6-wZ_-n
ⓘ	Magnetite	4.BB.05	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
ⓘ	Hematite	4.CB.05	Fe₂O₃
ⓘ	Ilmenite	4.CB.05	Fe²⁺TiO₃
ⓘ	Quartz	4.DA.05	SiO₂
ⓘ	Cassiterite	4.DB.05	SnO₂
ⓘ	Columbite-(Fe)	4.DB.35	Fe²⁺Nb₂O₆
ⓘ	Wodginite	4.DB.40	Mn²⁺Sn⁴⁺Ta₂O₈
ⓘ	Euxenite-(Y)	4.DG.05	(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₆
ⓘ	Fersmite	4.DG.05	CaNb₂O₆
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘ	Monazite-(Ce)	8.AD.50	Ce(PO₄)
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘ	Almandine	9.AD.25	Fe²⁺₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
ⓘ	Zircon	9.AD.30	Zr(SiO₄)
ⓘ	Topaz	9.AF.35	Al₂(SiO₄)(F,OH)₂
ⓘ	Beryl	9.CJ.05	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
ⓘ	Muscovite	9.EC.15	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
ⓘ	Microcline	9.FA.30	K(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	Albite	9.FA.35	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
ⓘ	var. Cleavelandite	9.FA.35	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Unclassified
ⓘ	'Aeschynite'	-
ⓘ	'Biotite'	-	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
ⓘ	'Feldspar Group'	-
ⓘ	'Tapiolite'	-	(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆
ⓘ	'Xenotime'	-
ⓘ	'Feldspar Group var. Perthite'	-
ⓘ	'Plagioclase'	-	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
ⓘ	'Columbite-Tantalite'	-

List of minerals for each chemical element

H	Hydrogen
H	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
H	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
H	ⓘ Topaz	Al₂(SiO₄)(F,OH)₂
Be	Beryllium
Be	ⓘ Beryl	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
O	Oxygen
O	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Almandine	Fe₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
O	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
O	ⓘ Beryl	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
O	ⓘ Cassiterite	SnO₂
O	ⓘ Euxenite-(Y)	(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₆
O	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)	Fe²⁺Nb₂O₆
O	ⓘ Fersmite	CaNb₂O₆
O	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
O	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
O	ⓘ Ixiolite-(Mn2+)-Ixiolite-(Fe2+) Series
O	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
O	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)	Ce(PO₄)
O	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
O	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
O	ⓘ Tapiolite	(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆
O	ⓘ Topaz	Al₂(SiO₄)(F,OH)₂
O	ⓘ Wodginite	Mn²⁺Sn⁴⁺Ta₂O₈
O	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
O	ⓘ Albite var. Cleavelandite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
O	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
F	Fluorine
F	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
F	ⓘ Topaz	Al₂(SiO₄)(F,OH)₂
Na	Sodium
Na	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Na	ⓘ Albite var. Cleavelandite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Na	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Mg	Magnesium
Mg	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Al	Aluminium
Al	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Almandine	Fe₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Al	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Al	ⓘ Beryl	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
Al	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Topaz	Al₂(SiO₄)(F,OH)₂
Al	ⓘ Albite var. Cleavelandite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Al	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Si	Silicon
Si	ⓘ Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Almandine	Fe₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Si	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Si	ⓘ Beryl	Be₃Al₂(Si₆O₁₈)
Si	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Quartz	SiO₂
Si	ⓘ Topaz	Al₂(SiO₄)(F,OH)₂
Si	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Si	ⓘ Albite var. Cleavelandite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)
Si	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
P	Phosphorus
P	ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)	Ce(PO₄)
K	Potassium
K	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
K	ⓘ Microcline	K(AlSi₃O₈)
K	ⓘ Muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂
Ca	Calcium
Ca	ⓘ Euxenite-(Y)	(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Fersmite	CaNb₂O₆
Ca	ⓘ Plagioclase	(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi₂]O₈
Ti	Titanium
Ti	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Ti	ⓘ Euxenite-(Y)	(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₆
Ti	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Mn	Manganese
Mn	ⓘ Ixiolite-(Mn2+)-Ixiolite-(Fe2+) Series
Mn	ⓘ Tapiolite	(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆
Mn	ⓘ Wodginite	Mn²⁺Sn⁴⁺Ta₂O₈
Fe	Iron
Fe	ⓘ Almandine	Fe₃²⁺Al₂(SiO₄)₃
Fe	ⓘ Biotite	K(Fe²⁺/Mg)₂(Al/Fe³⁺/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]₂Si₂O₁₀)(OH/F)₂
Fe	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)	Fe²⁺Nb₂O₆
Fe	ⓘ Hematite	Fe₂O₃
Fe	ⓘ Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃
Fe	ⓘ Ixiolite-(Mn2+)-Ixiolite-(Fe2+) Series
Fe	ⓘ Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe₂³⁺O₄
Fe	ⓘ Tapiolite	(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆
Y	Yttrium
Y	ⓘ Euxenite-(Y)	(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₆
Zr	Zirconium
Zr	ⓘ Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)
Nb	Niobium
Nb	ⓘ Euxenite-(Y)	(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₆
Nb	ⓘ Columbite-(Fe)	Fe²⁺Nb₂O₆
Nb	ⓘ Fersmite	CaNb₂O₆
Nb	ⓘ Tapiolite	(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆
Sn	Tin
Sn	ⓘ Cassiterite	SnO₂
Sn	ⓘ Wodginite	Mn²⁺Sn⁴⁺Ta₂O₈
Ce	Cerium
Ce	ⓘ Euxenite-(Y)	(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₆
Ce	ⓘ Monazite-(Ce)	Ce(PO₄)
Ta	Tantalum
Ta	ⓘ Euxenite-(Y)	(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₆
Ta	ⓘ Ixiolite-(Mn2+)-Ixiolite-(Fe2+) Series
Ta	ⓘ Microlite Group	A_2-mTa₂X_6-wZ_-n
Ta	ⓘ Tapiolite	(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆
Ta	ⓘ Wodginite	Mn²⁺Sn⁴⁺Ta₂O₈
Th	Thorium
Th	ⓘ Euxenite-(Y)	(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₆
U	Uranium
U	ⓘ Euxenite-(Y)	(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₆

Localities in this Region

India

Chhattisgarh
- Dantewada District
  - Kawadgaon-Challanpara pegmatite field
    - Challanpara Pegmatite

Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality

AsiaContinent

Indian Plate (India Plate)Tectonic Plate

Bastar CratonCraton

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References

Singh, Yamuna (1998) Early Proterozoic Rare Metal and Tin Pegmatites near Kawadgaon, Bastar, M.P.: An Example of Vertical Pegmatite Zonation. Journal Geological Society of India, 51 (2). 175-182 doi:10.17491/jgsi/1998/510205

Singh, Yamuna, Chabria, T. (2002) Early Proterozoic 87Rb-86Sr Model Ages of Pegmatitic Muscovite from Rare Metal-bearing Granite-Pegamtite System of Kawadgaon, Bastar Craton, Central India. Gondwana Research, 5 (4) 889-893 doi:10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70924-2

Singh, Yamuna (2007) Trace Element Chemistry of Muscovite from Rare Metal Pegmatites of Kawadgaon, Bastar District, Chhattisgarh. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 69 (4). 795-798 doi:10.17491/jgsi/2007/690415

Singh, Yamuna, Sastry, D. V. L. N., Bagora, Sanjay, Pandit, P. S. C., Rai, S. D., Verma, M. B. (2018) Dating of Columbite-tantalite and Monazite from Pegmatites of the Kawadgaon–Challanpara Area, Bastar Craton, Central India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 92 (1) 7-10 doi:10.1007/s12594-018-0946-2

Singh, Yamuna, Rout, G. B., Bhatt, A. K., Pandit, P. S. C., Bagora, Sanjay, Gupta, P. K., Rai, S. D., Joshi, G. B. (2019) High-Field Strength Elements Geochemistry of Granite and Co-genetic Pegmatites of the Kawadgaon Area, Bastar Craton, Central India. In Society of Earth Scientists Series. Springer International Publishing. p.629-650. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89698-4_24

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