Log In
Monazite-(Ce)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
About Monazite-(Ce)
Formula:
Ce(PO4)
Always contains major to minor amounts of other REE (Nd, La, Sm, ...) replacing Ce. Also often contains trace amounts of U and Th (coupled with Ca).
Colour:
Commonly reddish brown to brown; shades of green to brown, yellow brown, rarely nearly white; yellow, colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Hardness:
5 - 5½
Specific Gravity:
5 - 5.5
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1829 by Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt from the Greek ÎŒÎżÏ
ÎŹÎ¶Ï "to be solitary" in allusion to the rarity of its presence in the first known localities. The suffix "Ce" conforms to the Levinson Rule for rare earth minerals, for the cerium dominant member of the monazite series.
Type Locality:
The overwhelmingly most common member of the monazite group. Monazite-(Ce) is a widely distributed mineral, as an accessory in granitic igneous rocks and gneissic metamorphic rocks, and in detrital sands derived from them.
May belong to monazite-(Ce)-huttonite series.
May belong to monazite-(Ce)-huttonite series.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2751
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2751:5
Similar Names
| Minasite | ||
| Monazit | A synonym of Monazite Group | |
| Monazite-(Ce)-Huttonite Series | A synonym of 'Huttonite-Monazite-(Ce) Series' | |
| Monazite-(Gd) | A valid IMA mineral species | Gd(PO4) |
| Monazite-(La) | A valid IMA mineral species | La(PO4) |
| Monazite-(Nd) | A valid IMA mineral species | Nd(PO4) |
| Monazite-(Sm) | A valid IMA mineral species | Sm(PO4) |
IMA Classification of Monazite-(Ce)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ce3+PO4
Classification of Monazite-(Ce)
8.AD.50
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
38.4.3.1
38 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, AND VANADATES
4 : AXO4
38 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, AND VANADATES
4 : AXO4
19.9.3
19 : Phosphates
9 : Phosphates of rare earths and Sc
19 : Phosphates
9 : Phosphates of rare earths and Sc
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAâCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAâCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Mnz-Ce | IMAâCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAâCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Mnz | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277â279. |
| Mnz | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Mnz | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185â187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Mnz | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Monazite-(Ce)
Sub-Adamantine, Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Commonly reddish brown to brown; shades of green to brown, yellow brown, rarely nearly white; yellow, colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White, faintly coloured.
Hardness:
5 - 5½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {100}, distinct; on {010}, difficult; also on {110}, {101}, and {011}, indistinct as observed at times.
On {100}, distinct; on {010}, difficult; also on {110}, {101}, and {011}, indistinct as observed at times.
Parting:
Well-marked frequently present on {001}; on {111}, rare.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
5 - 5.5 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.26 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Density increases with an increase in the Th content (to 5.4).
Optical Data of Monazite-(Ce)
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.770 - 1.793 nβ = 1.778 - 1.800 nγ = 1.823 - 1.860
2V:
Measured: 10° to 26°, Calculated: 18° to 24°
Birefringence:
0.060
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.053 - 0.067
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ”m thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ”m thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v or r < v, weak
Optical Extinction:
X=b, Z^c = 2° - 6°
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Faint to imperceptible. In pale yellows.
Chemistry of Monazite-(Ce)
Mindat Formula:
Ce(PO4)
Always contains major to minor amounts of other REE (Nd, La, Sm, ...) replacing Ce. Also often contains trace amounts of U and Th (coupled with Ca).
Always contains major to minor amounts of other REE (Nd, La, Sm, ...) replacing Ce. Also often contains trace amounts of U and Th (coupled with Ca).
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Monazite-(Ce)
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/c
Setting:
P21/n
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.7902(10) Å, b = 7.0203(6) Å, c = 6.4674(7) Å
β = 103.6°
β = 103.6°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.967 : 1 : 0.921
Unit Cell V:
299.65 Ă
Âł (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals usually small but may be large and coarse at times. Frequently flattened {100} or elongate [010]; prismatic by extension of {111} at times; equant, or wedge-shaped by the large development of {100} and {111}. Crystal faces commonly rough, striated or uneven.
Twinning:
On {100}, common; cruciform at times. Also on {001}, lamellar, rare. Doubtfully reported on {201} and {902}.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0019170 | Monazite-(Ce) | Mooney R C L (1948) Crystal structures of a series of rare earth phosphates Journal of Chemical Physics 16 1003-1003 | 1948 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001700 | Monazite-(Ce) | Ni Y, Hughes J M, Mariano A N (1995) Crystal chemistry of the monazite and xenotime structures Ce(PO4) American Mineralogist 80 21-26 |  | 1995 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001698 | Monazite-(Ce) | Ni Y, Hughes J M, Mariano A N (1995) Crystal chemistry of the monazite and xenotime structures American Mineralogist 80 21-26 | | 1995 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.285 Ă | (35) |
| 3.078 Ă | (80) |
| 2.862 Ă | (100) |
| 2.151 Ă | (40) |
| 1.963 Ă | (50) |
| 1.876 Ă | (30) |
| 1.738 Ă | (40b) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earthâs earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 9 : Lava/xenolith minerals (hornfels, sanidinite facies) | |
| Stage 4a: Earthâs earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
| 19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Pegmatites of various kinds associated with granitic or syenitic igneous rocks.
Type Occurrence of Monazite-(Ce)
General Appearance of Type Material:
Red to red-brown tabular crystals
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Academy, Freiberg, Germany 19539
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Originally described from a "quartz-leeren Zirkon Granits", which could be the same as a syenite pegmatite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Monazite-(Ce)
Other Language Names for Monazite-(Ce)
Dutch:Monaziet-(Ce)
Russian:ĐĐŸĐœĐ°ŃĐžŃ-(Ce)
Simplified Chinese:éçŹć±
çł
Spanish:Edwardsita
Kularita
Kularita
Swedish:KĂ„rarfveit
Traditional Chinese:é°çšć±
çł
Varieties of Monazite-(Ce)
| Kularite | Black enriched with Eu variety of Monazite-(Ce) from gold placers of Polar Yakutia. Usually form rounded crystals formed in weathering zones of black shales. |
| Silicomonazite | A silicatian Monazite. |
| Sulphate and Strontium-bearing Monazite-(Ce) | A variety strongly enriched in S (≤ 11.3% SO3, accounting for 0.31 apfu S) and Sr (≤ 8.7% SrO, accounting for 0.18 apfu Sr). Occurs in aggregates with hingganite in hydrothermal quartz-albite-chlorite veinlets. |
| Turnerite | Golden yellow to brownish yellow wedge-shaped crystals. |
Relationship of Monazite-(Ce) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Monazite Group:
| Monazite-(Gd) | Gd(PO4) | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
| Monazite-(La) | La(PO4) | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
| Monazite-(Nd) | Nd(PO4) | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
| Monazite-(Sm) | Sm(PO4) | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 405 photos of Monazite-(Ce) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 88 photos of Monazite-(Ce) associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 71 photos of Monazite-(Ce) associated with Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| 70 photos of Monazite-(Ce) associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 58 photos of Monazite-(Ce) associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
| 56 photos of Monazite-(Ce) associated with Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| 54 photos of Monazite-(Ce) associated with Xenotime-(Y) | Y(PO4) |
| 39 photos of Monazite-(Ce) associated with Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 39 photos of Monazite-(Ce) associated with Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| 36 photos of Monazite-(Ce) associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.AD. | 'Unnamed (Monoclinic polymorph of ximengite)' | Bi(PO4) |
| 8.AD. | Keplerite | Ca9(Ca0.5â»0.5)Mg(PO4)7 |
| 8.AD. | Mazorite | Ba3(PO4)2 |
| 8.AD. | Deynekoite | Ca9â»Fe3+(PO4)7 |
| 8.AD. | Monazite-(Gd) | Gd(PO4) |
| 8.AD.05 | Nahpoite | Na2(PO3OH) |
| 8.AD.10 | Weilite | Ca(HAsO4) |
| 8.AD.10 | Ć venekite | Ca(H2AsO4)2 |
| 8.AD.10 | Monetite | Ca(PO3OH) |
| 8.AD.15 | Archerite | (K,NH4)(H2PO4) |
| 8.AD.15 | Biphosphammite | NH4(H2PO4) |
| 8.AD.20 | Phosphammite | (NH4)2(PO3OH) |
| 8.AD.25 | Buchwaldite | NaCa(PO4) |
| 8.AD.30 | Schulténite | Pb(HAsO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Dreyerite | Bi(VO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(La) | La(VO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Anningite-(Ce) | (Ca0.5Ce4+0.5)(VO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Pretulite | Sc(PO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(Ce) | Ce(VO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(Y) | Y(VO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Xenotime-(Yb) | Yb(PO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | 'Chernovite-(Ce)' | (Ce,Y)(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Xenotime-(Gd) | Gd(PO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Chernovite-(Y) | Y(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Xenotime-(Y) | Y(PO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(Nd) | Nd(VO4) |
| 8.AD.40 | Pucherite | Bi(VO4) |
| 8.AD.45 | Ximengite | Bi(PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | 'UM2005-35-VO:CaFePSiTh' | (Th,Ca)(VO4,SiO4,PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Rooseveltite | Bi(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Gasparite-(Ce) | Ce(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Monazite-(Sm) | Sm(PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Monazite-(La) | La(PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Monazite-(Nd) | Nd(PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Gasparite-(La) | La(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Cheralite | CaTh(PO4)2 |
| 8.AD.55 | Tetrarooseveltite | Bi(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.60 | Chursinite | [Hg2]2+Hg2+2[AsO4]2 |
| 8.AD.65 | Clinobisvanite | Bi(VO4) |
| 8.AD.70 | Gurimite | Ba3(VO4)2 |
| 8.AD.75 | Picaite | NaCa[AsO3OH][AsO2(OH)2] |
Fluorescence of Monazite-(Ce)
Not fluorescent
Other Information
Magnetism:
Paramagnetic
Notes:
Slowly decomposed by acids.
Dull brown cathodoluminescence.
Dull brown cathodoluminescence.
Health Risks:
Radioactive if rich in thorium (major admixture) or uranium (minor admixture).
Industrial Uses:
Ore of the rare earth elements.
Internet Links for Monazite-(Ce)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2751.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Monazite-(Ce)
Reference List:
Levy, A. (1823) Description of a New Mineral. Annals of Philosophy, S. 2 Vol. 5 (4). p.241-243.as Turnerite
Brooke, Henry J., Phillips, William (1852) An Elementary Introduction to Mineralogy (6th ed.) pages 493 (Monazite), 653 (Turnerite)
Miers, II. A. (1885) On Monazite from Cornwall, and Connellite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 6 (30). 164-167 doi:10.1180/minmag.1885.006.030.04(referring to Dana (1882))
Goldschmidt, Victor (1890) Index der Krystallformen der Mineralien Vol. 2. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-25553-7 p.399
Schetelig, Jakob (1913) Mineralogische studien 1 [Mineralogical Studies 1]. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Geology], 2 (3) 1-38
Lacroix, Alfred (1922) Minéralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. Géologie-Minéralogie descriptive. Augustin Challamel. 624 pp. pp.351-351
Ellsworth, H. V. (1932) Monazite colored by carbon from Dickens Township, Nipissing District, Ontario. American Mineralogist, 17 (1) 19-28
Parker, Robert L. (1937) A note on the morphology of monazite. American Mineralogist, 22 (5) 572-580
Gliszçzynski, S. von (1939) Beitrag zur »Isomorphie« von Monazit und Krokoit. Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 101 (1-6). 1-16 doi:10.1524/zkri.1939.101.1.1
Parrish, William (1939) Unit cell and space group of monazite (La,Ce,Y)PO4. American Mineralogist, 24 (10) 651-652
Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.pp.691-696 - (as Monazite
Overstreet, William C. (1967) The geologic occurrence of monazite. Professional Paper 530. US Geological Survey p.1-327. doi:10.3133/pp530
Kucha, Henryk (1980) Continuity in the monazite-huttonite series. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (332) 1031-1034 doi:10.1180/minmag.1980.043.332.12
Beall, G.W., Boatner, L.A., Mullica, D.F., Milligan, W.O. (1981) The structure of cerium orthophosphate, a synthetic analogue of monazite. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, 43 (1) 101-105 doi:10.1016/0022-1902(81)80443-5
Ni, Yunxiang, Hughes, John M., Mariano, Anthony N. (1995) Crystal chemistry of the monazite and xenotime structures. American Mineralogist, 80 (1) 21-26 doi:10.2138/am-1995-1-203
Montel, Jean-Marc, Foret, Suzanne, Veschambre, MichĂšle, Nicollet, Christian, Provost, Ariel (1996) Electron microprobe dating of monazite. Chemical Geology, 131 (1) 37-53 doi:10.1016/0009-2541(96)00024-1
HEINRICH, W., REHS, G., FRANZ, G. (1997) Monazite-xenotime miscibility gap thermometry. I. An empirical calibration. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 15 (1) 3-16 doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.1997.t01-1-00052.x
Zhu, X. K., O'Nions, R. K. (1999) Monazite chemical composition: some implications for monazite geochronology. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 137 (4) 351-363 doi:10.1007/s004100050555
Williams, Michael L., Jercinovic, Michael J., Terry, Michael P. (1999) Age mapping and dating of monazite on the electron microprobe: Deconvoluting multistage tectonic histories. Geology, 27 (11) 1023 doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<1023:amadom>2.3.co;2
Pyle, J. M. (2001) Monazite-xenotime-garnet equilibrium in metapelites and a new monazite-garnet thermometer. Journal of Petrology, 42 (11) 2083-2107 doi:10.1093/petrology/42.11.2083
Wing, Boswell A., Ferry, John M., Harrison, T. Mark (2003) Prograde destruction and formation of monazite and allanite during contact and regional metamorphism of pelites: petrology and geochronology. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 145 (2) 228-250 doi:10.1007/s00410-003-0446-1
Kolitsch, Uwe; Holtstam, Dan (2004) Crystal chemistry of REEXO4 compounds (X = P, As, V). II. Review of REEXO4 compounds and their stability fields. European Journal of Mineralogy, 16 (1). 117-126 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2004/0016-0117
Williams, M.L., Jercinovic, M.J., Goncalves, P., Mahan, K. (2006) Format and philosophy for collecting, compiling, and reporting microprobe monazite ages. Chemical Geology, 225 (1) 1-15 doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.07.024
Rasmussen, Birger, Muhling, Janet R. (2007) Monazite begets monazite: evidence for dissolution of detrital monazite and reprecipitation of syntectonic monazite during low-grade regional metamorphism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 154 (6) 675-689 doi:10.1007/s00410-007-0216-6
Rasmussen, Birger, Muhling, Janet R. (2009) Reactions destroying detrital monazite in greenschist-facies sandstones from the Witwatersrand basin, South Africa. Chemical Geology, 264 (1) 311-327 doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.03.017
Krenn, E., Finger, F. (2010) Unusually Y-rich monazite-(Ce) with 6â14 wt.% Y2O3 in a granulite from the Bohemian Massif: implications for high-temperature monazite growth from the monazite-xenotime miscibility gap thermometry. Mineralogical Magazine, 74 (2) 217-225 doi:10.1180/minmag.2010.073.2.217
Williams, M.L., Jercinovic, M.J., Harlov, D.E., BudzyĆ, B., Hetherington, C.J. (2011) Resetting monazite ages during fluid-related alteration. Chemical Geology, 283 (3) 218-225 doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.019
Ruschel, Katja, Nasdala, Lutz, Kronz, Andreas, Hanchar, John M., Többens, Daniel M., Ć koda, Radek, Finger, Friedrich, Möller, Andreas (2012) A Raman spectroscopic study on the structural disorder of monaziteâ(Ce) Mineralogy and Petrology, 105 (1) 41-55 doi:10.1007/s00710-012-0197-7
Rustad, J. R. (2012) Density functional calculations of the enthalpies of formation of rare-earth orthophosphates. American Mineralogist, 97 (5) 791-799 doi:10.2138/am.2012.3948
Hetherington, C. J., Dumond, G. (2013) Versatile monazite: Resolving geological records and solving challenges in materials science. American Mineralogist, 98 (5) 817-818 doi:10.2138/am.2013.4454
Lenz, Christoph, Nasdala, Lutz, Talla, Dominik, Hauzenberger, Christoph, Seitz, Roland, Kolitsch, Uwe (2015) Laser-induced REE3+ photoluminescence of selected accessory minerals â An âadvantageous artefactâ in Raman spectroscopy. Chemical Geology, 415. 1-16 doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.09.001
Erickson, T.M., Pearce, M.A., Taylor, R.J.M., Timms, N.E., Clark, C., Reddy, S.M., Buick, I.S. (2015) Deformed monazite yields high-temperature tectonic ages. Geology, 43 (5) 383-386 doi:10.1130/g36533.1
Chelgani, S. Chehreh, Rudolph, M., Leistner, T., Gutzmer, J., Peuker, Urs A. (2015) A review of rare earth minerals flotation: Monazite and xenotime. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 25 (6). 877-883 doi:10.1016/j.ijmst.2015.09.002
Wawrzenitz, Nicole, Krohe, Alexander (2016) Deformed monazite yields high-temperature tectonic ages: COMMENT. Geology, 44 (1) doi:10.1130/g37394c.1
Erickson, T.M., Reddy, S.M., Timms, N.E., Pearce, M.A., Taylor, R.J.M., Clark, C., Buick, I.S. (2016) Deformed monazite yields high-temperature tectonic ages: REPLY. Geology, 44 (1) doi:10.1130/g37474y.1
Turner, David J., Rivard, Benoit, Groat, Lee A. (2016) Visible and short-wave infrared reflectance spectroscopy of REE phosphate minerals. American Mineralogist, 101 (10) 2264-2278 doi:10.2138/am-2016-5692
KoneÄnĂœ, Patrik, Kusiak, Monika A., Dunkley, Daniel J. (2018) Improving U-Th-Pb electron microprobe dating using monazite age references. Chemical Geology, 484. 22-35 doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.02.014
Montel, Jean-Marc, Kato, Takenori, Enami, Masaki, Cocherie, Alain, Finger, Friedrich, Williams, Michael, Jercinovic, Michael (2018) Electron-microprobe dating of monazite: The story. Chemical Geology, 484. 4-15 doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.11.001
Gysi, Alexander P., Harlov, Daniel, Miron, George D. (2018) The solubility of monazite (CePO4), SmPO4, and GdPO4 in aqueous solutions from 100 to 250âŻÂ°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 242. 143-164 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.08.038
Broom-Fendley, Sam, Smith, Martin P, Andrade, Marcelo B, Ray, Santanu, Banks, David A, Loye, Edward, Atencio, Daniel, Pickles, Jonathan R, Wall, Frances (2019) Sulfur-bearing monazite-(Ce) from the Eureka carbonatite, Namibia: oxidation state, substitution mechanism, and formation conditions. Mineralogical Magazine, 84 (1) 35-48 doi:10.1180/mgm.2019.79
Nasdala, Lutz; Akhmadaliev, Shavkat; Burakov, Boris E.; Chanmuang N, Chutimun; Ć koda, Radek (2020) The absence of metamictisation in natural monazite. Scientific Reports, 10 (1). 14676 doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71451-7
Zaman, M. Mashrur, Antao, Sytle M. (2020) Crystal Structure Refinements of Four Monazite Samples from Different Localities. Minerals, 10 (11) 1028 doi:10.3390/min10111028
Zhukova, Irina A., Stepanov, Aleksandr S., Korsakov, Andrey V., Jiang, ShaoâYong (2022) Application of Raman spectroscopy for the identification of phosphate minerals from REE supergene deposit. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 53 (3) 485-496 doi:10.1002/jrs.6213
Zi, Jian-Wei, Muhling, Janet R., Rasmussen, Birger (2024) Geochemistry of low-temperature (<350 °C) metamorphic and hydrothermal monazite. Earth-Science Reviews, 249. 104668 doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104668
Pagliaro, Francesco; Comboni, Davide; Battiston, Tommaso; KrĂŒger, Hannes; Hejny, Clivia; Kahlenberg, Volker; Gigli, Lara; Glazyrin, Konstantin; Liermann, Hanns-Peter; Garbarino, Gaston; et al. (2024) Comparative thermal and compressional behaviour of natural xenotime-(Y), chernovite-(Y) and monazite-(Ce). Mineralogical Magazine, 88 (6). p.682-697. doi:10.1180/mgm.2024.70
Localities for Monazite-(Ce)
Showing 1,393 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
â - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Asadzadeh et al. (2025) |
| Tucker et al. (2012) | |
Antarctica | |
| Grew (1981) +1 other reference |
| Grew et al. (2007) |
| Babenko et al. (2026) | |
| Grew et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
Argentina | |
| PadrĂłn de Minas de la Provincia de ... |
| COLOMBO +2 other references |
| Angelelli et al. (1983) |
| Angelelli et al. (1983) |
| Angelelli et al. (1983) | |
| Angelelli et al. (1983) | |
| Angelelli (1958) |
| Angelelli (1958) | |
| Angelelli (1958) |
| RaĂșl Jorge Tauber Larry |
| Galliski et al. (2006) |
| Galliski et al. (2006) | |
| RaĂșl Tauber LarryÂŽs collection. |
| Ribacki et al. (2023) |
| Miguel Ăngel MarĂa Florencia MĂĄrquez-ZavalĂa (eds.) |
| M. B. FRANCHINI et al. (8300) +6 other references |
| M. FRANCHINI +1 other reference | |
| M. Franchini et al. (2002) | |
Australia | |
| Munro-Smith (2006) |
| |
| Anderson et al. (4) |
| Scott Whittemore. +1 other reference | |
| Birch (1999) |
| Anderson et al. (4) |
| PA Wulser data / Coats & Blissetts 1971 |
| Arbon (2011) |
| Brugger et al. (2006) |
| Coats et al. (1971) |
| Brugger et al. (2003) | |
| Mount Woods Inlier et al. (Honors thesis) +1 other reference |
| MCFARLANE (2006) |
| Wulser PA et al. U-Th-REE mobility in ... |
| Habibi et al. (2026) |
| Hemley et al. (1992) +2 other references |
| Habibi et al. (2025) |
| mentioned references in description |
| Bottrill et al. (2024) |
| www.crocoite.com (2002) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Bottrill & Taheri +1 other reference |
| |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| R Botttrill |
| Ryan Eagle collection |
| Personally collected by Ryan Eagle in ... | |
| Eagle et al. (2015) | |
| Eagle (2009) | |
| Personally collected by Ryan Eagle in ... | |
| Eagle (2009) |
| |
| Mills et al. (2010) |
| Downes et al. (2006) |
| Downes et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Simpson (1928) +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Auer (2020) |
| Kolitsch (2026) |
| Auer (2026) |
| Walter et al. (2026) |
| Leute (1999) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Walter et al. (2001) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Kolitsch (2019) |
| MĂŒller (2016) |
| Schuster R. et al. (2016) |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Erwin Löffler collection |
| HEHENBERGER (1996) | |
| Kolitsch (2025) |
| Kolitsch (2021) | |
| Becker (1996) |
| Martin Slama collection +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) |
| NIEDERMAYR et al. (2005) |
| Kolitsch (2025) |
| Knobloch et al. (2021) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2022) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| Auer (2022) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2016) |
| Auer (2026) |
| Kolitsch (2019) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| C.Auer 2012 |
| C.Auer (2024) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2012) |
| Walter (2010) |
| Auer (2026) | |
| C.Auer (2018) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Tanzi Maurizio. | |
| Fred Kruijen colelction |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Steiner&Melcher (2020) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch (2020) | |
| Collection of NHM |
| Chinellato Matteo |
| Preite (2012) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2008) |
| |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Walter (2009) | |
| Stephan Wolfsried collection | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2012) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2016) |
| C.Auer (2016) |
| |
| Kolitsch (2008) |
| Bernhard et al. (2006) |
| Auer (2020) |
| SEM-EDS |
| Franz Bernhard collection |
| Franz Bernhard collection | |
| Ertl et al. (1998) | |
| Postl et al. (2024) |
| Bernhard (2006) |
| |
| Auer (2025) | |
| Grachev (Ed) +1 other reference |
| Auer (2023) |
| SEM-EDX |
| Auer (2022) |
| Postl et al. (2005) |
| Taucher et al. (1998) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Jakely (2008) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2016) |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Walter et al. (2019) |
| C.Auer (2016) |
| Auer (2022) | |
| C.Auer (2016) | |
| Schachinger et al. (2026) |
| - (1997) |
| K. Folie (1999) | |
| Reiter (2012) |
| Boehringer (2026) |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| Horninger (1936) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2008) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch et al. (2026) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Kolitsch (2015) | |
| Kolitsch (2015) | |
Belgium | |
| Burnotte et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Limbourg (1986) +1 other reference |
| Dillen et al. (2004) +2 other references |
| Blondieau (2005) |
| Nonnon (1984) +1 other reference |
| Renard (1881) +4 other references |
Bolivia | |
| Cacho et al. (2019) |
| Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| RRUFF specimen R060925 | |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
Botswana | |
| Melgarejo et al. (2011) |
Brazil | |
| Nitze (1895) |
| Overstreet (1967) |
| Overstreet (1967) |
| F. Zaccarini (2006) | |
| Overstreet (1967) |
| Nitze (1895) | |
| Santos et al. (2018) |
| Cassedanne (1985) |
| Overstreet (1967) |
| Excalibur Mineral Corp. - Mineral News | |
| RaĂșl Jorge Tauber Larry |
| Santana et al. (2022) |
| Portella et al. (2016) |
| Kaminsky et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Ferdinando Giovine collection (analysis by Prof. A. U. Falster, University of New Orleans) |
| Luis Menezes specimen |
| Leonardo | |
| Cassedanne et al. (1999) |
| Luis Menezes |
| Cassedanne et al. (1994) |
| Martins da Pedra |
| Menezes da Silva et al. (2020) |
| Andrade et al. (2013) | |
| Brugger et al. (1997) |
| Brugger et al. (1997) | |
| Azzi (2019) |
| Azzi (2019) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Chris D. Parkinson et al. | |
| COSTANZO et al. (2006) |
Bulgaria | |
| Georgieva et al. (2023) |
| PetrĂk et al. (2016) |
Burundi | |
| Ntiharirizwa et al. (2018) |
Cambodia | |
| Filina et al. (2019) |
Canada | |
| Dalsin (2013) +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Caudle +1 other reference | |
| Pell (1994) |
| Dixon et al. (2014) |
| Pan et al. (2000) |
| Paul (1984) +1 other reference |
| Camacho et al. (2014) |
| Cerny et al. 2012 +1 other reference |
| Ducharme (2020) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2013) |
| Sheard et al. (2012) |
| Badham et al. (1980) |
| Anton R. Chakhmouradian and Roger H. Mitchell (2001) | |
| Pinckston et al. (1995) +2 other references |
| Ercit et al. (2003) | |
| Owen +3 other references |
| Can. Mineral. (1993) |
| SAGE (1981) |
| Kidd Operations |
| Schandl (2004) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 45 |
| King (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| David Joyce +2 other references |
| Ercit (1994) |
| Ercit (1994) | |
| Ercit (1994) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 49 |
| Ercit (1994) |
| Grew et al. (2010) |
| King et al. (1993) |
| Harris (1989) |
| Mitchell et al. (1993) | |
| Platt & Wooley (1990) |
| Potter et al. (2005) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 49 |
| Agnico Eagle Mines Limited |
| Olivier Langelier Collection |
| Matte et al. (2025) |
| Ellsworth et al. (1934) |
| HorvĂĄth |
| Robinson et al. (1996) |
| HORVĂTH et al. (2006) |
| HorvĂĄth et al. (2013) |
| Gold (1969) |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Horváth et al. (1990) |
| HorvĂĄth et al. (1998) |
| HorvĂĄth et al. (1998) | |
| HorvĂĄth Collection - confirmed by XRD |
| SASSANO et al. (1987) |
| Zurevinski +1 other reference | |
| Nadeau et al. (2014) | |
| Mitchell et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Mitchell et al. (2017) |
| Petrella (2013) | |
| Pierre-Alain Wulser | |
| Spence (1930) +1 other reference |
| Martin et al. (2018) |
| Currie (1976) +1 other reference |
| FOURNIER (1993) | |
| Miller (1990) +5 other references | |
| McDonald et al. (2018) |
| D. Turner and L.A. Groat (2010) +1 other reference |
Cape Verde | |
Chile | |
| AlarcĂłn Novoa (2019) |
| AlarcĂłn Novoa (2019) | |
China | |
| Zhang et al. (1999) |
| Martin et al. (2004) +3 other references |
| Su et al. (2) +3 other references |
| Rao et al. (2017) |
| Yiping Chen et al. (2007) |
| Jian et al. (2022) |
| Tang et al. (2024) |
| Li (1982) +3 other references |
| Bai et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Liu et al. (2022) +2 other references |
| Smith et al. (2000) +2 other references | |
| Smith et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
|
Siglo Veinte Mine, Llallagua, Rafael Bustillo Province, PotosĂ, Bolivia