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Hulsite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hulsite
Alfred H. Brooks
Formula:
Fe2+2Fe3+O2(BO3)
May contain minor Mg replacing Fe(II) and minor Sn and Mg replacing Fe(III).
Colour:
Black with greenish, brownish, or reddish tinge
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
4.28 - 4.57
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1908 by Adolph Knopf and Waldemar T. Schaller in honor of Alfred Hulse Brooks (July 18, 1871 – November 22, 1924), American chief geologist in Alaska for the United States Geological Survey from 1903 to 1924.
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1943
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1943:5
Similar Names
| Hullite | A mixture of two or more distinct mineral species |
IMA Classification of Hulsite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Hulsite
6.AB.45
6 : BORATES
A : Monoborates
B : BO3, with additional anions; 1(D) + OH, etc.
6 : BORATES
A : Monoborates
B : BO3, with additional anions; 1(D) + OH, etc.
24.2.3.1
24 : ANHYDROUS BORATES
2 : A2BO2[XO3]
24 : ANHYDROUS BORATES
2 : A2BO2[XO3]
9.6.4
9 : Borates
6 : Borates of Ti, Sn and Ta
9 : Borates
6 : Borates of Ti, Sn and Ta
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hls | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Hulsite
Vitreous, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black with greenish, brownish, or reddish tinge
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
good on {110}
good on {110}
Density:
4.28 - 4.57 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.62 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hulsite
Type:
Biaxial
Chemistry of Hulsite
Mindat Formula:
Fe2+2Fe3+O2(BO3)
May contain minor Mg replacing Fe(II) and minor Sn and Mg replacing Fe(III).
May contain minor Mg replacing Fe(II) and minor Sn and Mg replacing Fe(III).
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Hulsite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P2/c
Setting:
P2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.695(4) Å, b = 3.102(1) Å, c = 5.431(1) Å
β = 94.21(3)°
β = 94.21(3)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 3.448 : 1 : 1.751
Unit Cell V:
179.69 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Small, rectangular crystals. Faces uneven and dull. Tabular masses.
Twinning:
On [001]. One member of the twinning rotated 120° relative to the other.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000497 | Hulsite | Konnert J A, Appleman D E, Clark J R, Finger L W, Kato T, Miura Y (1976) Crystal structure and cation distribution of hulsite, a tin-iron borate American Mineralogist 61 116-122 |  | 1976 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.664 Å | (100) |
| 5.35 Å | (70) |
| 2.585 Å | (70) |
| 2.039 Å | (50) |
| 4.99 Å | (35) |
| 2.491 Å | (35) |
| 2.370 Å | (20) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) |
Type Occurrence of Hulsite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Paris, France, 110240; The Natural History Museum, London, England, 1912,612; Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 96246, 96247; National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 86791, 86989.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Contact metamorphosed limestone.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Hulsite
Relationship of Hulsite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Pinakiolite Group:
| Aluminomagnesiohulsite | (Mg,Fe2+)2(Al,Mg,Sn)(BO3)O2 | Mon. 2/m : P2/c |
| Folvikite | Sb5+Mn3+(Mg,Mn2+)10O8(BO3)4 | Mon. 2 : P2 |
| Magnesiohulsite | Mg2Fe3+O2(BO3) | Mon. 2/m : P2/c |
| Pinakiolite | (Mg,Mn2+)2Mn3+(BO3)O2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 14 photos of Hulsite associated with Schoenfliesite | Mg[Sn(OH)6] |
| 10 photos of Hulsite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 5 photos of Hulsite associated with Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| 4 photos of Hulsite associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 3 photos of Hulsite associated with Wickmanite | Mn2+[Sn(OH)6] |
| 3 photos of Hulsite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 2 photos of Hulsite associated with Ludwigite | Mg2Fe3+(BO3)O2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 6.AB. | Chubarovite | KZn2(BO3)Cl2 |
| 6.AB. | Rhabdoborite-(Mo) | Mg12Mo6+1.33O6(BO3)6F2 |
| 6.AB.05 | Hambergite | Be2(BO3)(OH) |
| 6.AB.10 | Berborite | Be2(BO3)(OH) · H2O |
| 6.AB.15 | Jeremejevite | Al6(BO3)5(F,OH)3 |
| 6.AB.20 | Yuanfuliite | Mg(Fe3+,Al)O(BO3) |
| 6.AB.20 | Warwickite | (Mg,Ti,Fe,Al)2O(BO3) |
| 6.AB.25 | Karlite | (Mg,Al)6.5(BO3)3(OH)4(◻,Cl)0.5 |
| 6.AB.30 | Marinaite | Cu2Fe3+O2(BO3) |
| 6.AB.30 | Savelievaite | Mg2Cr3+O2(BO3) |
| 6.AB.30 | Fredrikssonite | Mg2Mn3+O2(BO3) |
| 6.AB.30 | Vonsenite | Fe2+2Fe3+(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.30 | Ludwigite | Mg2Fe3+(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.30 | Azoproite | (Mg,Fe2+)2(Fe3+,Ti,Mg)(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.30 | Bonaccordite | Ni2Fe3+(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.35 | Folvikite | Sb5+Mn3+(Mg,Mn2+)10O8(BO3)4 |
| 6.AB.35 | Pinakiolite | (Mg,Mn2+)2Mn3+(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.40 | Takéuchiite | (Mg,Mn2+)2(Mn3+,Fe3+)(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.40 | Blatterite | Sb5+3(Mn3+,Fe3+)9(Mn2+,Mg)35(BO3)16O32 |
| 6.AB.40 | Orthopinakiolite | (Mg,Mn2+)2Mn3+(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.40 | Chestermanite | Mg2(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Sb3+)(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.45 | Aluminomagnesiohulsite | (Mg,Fe2+)2(Al,Mg,Sn)(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.45 | Magnesiohulsite | Mg2Fe3+O2(BO3) |
| 6.AB.50 | Fluoborite | Mg3(BO3)(F,OH)3 |
| 6.AB.50 | Hydroxylborite | Mg3(BO3)(OH)3 |
| 6.AB.55 | Shabynite | Mg5(BO3)(OH)5(Cl,OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 6.AB.55 | Wightmanite | Mg5(BO3)O(OH)5 · 2H2O |
| 6.AB.60 | Gaudefroyite | Ca4Mn3+2-3(BO3)3(CO3)(O,OH)3 |
| 6.AB.65 | Sakhaite | Ca48Mg16(BO3)32(CO3)16 · 2(H2O,HCl) |
| 6.AB.70 | Harkerite | Ca48Mg16[AlSi4O15(OH)]4(BO3)16(CO3)16 · 2(H2O,HCl) |
| 6.AB.75 | Pertsevite-(F) | Mg2(BO3)(F,OH) |
| 6.AB.75 | Pertsevite-(OH) | Mg2(BO3)(OH) |
| 6.AB.80 | Jacquesdietrichite | Cu2(H2BO3)(OH)3 |
| 6.AB.85 | Rhabdoborite-(V) | Mg12(V5+,Mo6+,W6+)1.5O6{[BO3]6-x[(P,As)O4]xF2-x} (x < 1) |
| 6.AB.85 | Rhabdoborite-(W) | Mg12(W6+,V5+)1.5O6{[BO3]6-x[(P,As)O4]xF2-x} |
| 6.AB.85 | Painite | CaZrAl9(BO3)O15 |
| 6.AB.90 | Mengxianminite | (Ca,Na)2Sn2(Mg,Fe)3Al8[(BO3)(BeO4)O6]2 |
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in HCl and HF but less reactive in other acids.
Alters to Limonite.
Alters to Limonite.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Hulsite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1943.html
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References for Hulsite
Reference List:
Vlisidis, Angelina C.; Schaller, Waldemar T. (1974) The identity of paigeite with vonsenite, and chemical analyses of vonsenite, ludwigite, and hulsite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte, 1974 (3-4). 95-105 doi:10.1127/njmm/1974/1974/95
Konnert, Judith A., Appleman, Daniel E., Clark, Joan R., Finger, Larry W., Kato, Toshio, Miura, Yasunori (1976) Crystal structure and cation distribution of hulsite, a tin-iron borate. American Mineralogist, 61 (1-2) 116-122
Ogoshi, Yukikazu, Minakawa, Tetsuo, Hamane, Daisuke (2012) Hulsite from Sengendera skarn deposit, Miyazaki, Japan. Japanese Magazine of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 41 (3) 61-66 doi:10.2465/gkk.111128
Biryukov, Yaroslav P., Zinnatullin, Almaz L., Cherosov, Mikhail A., Shablinskii, Andrey P., Yusupov, Roman V., Bubnova, Rimma S., Vagizov, Farit G., Filatov, Stanislav K., Avdontceva, M. S., Pekov, Igor V. (2021) Low-temperature investigation of natural iron-rich oxoborates vonsenite and hulsite: thermal deformations of crystal structure, strong negative thermal expansion and cascades of magnetic transitions. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials, 77 (6). 1021-1034 doi:10.1107/s2052520621010866
Localities for Hulsite
Showing 17 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| R Bottrill |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
Canada | |
| Liverton et al. (eds.) |
China | |
| Jianxiong Zhou and Jinyan Lu (1981) +1 other reference |
| Dequan Zhang and Lihua Wang (1988) |
| Aleksandrov (1998) |
| Shihui Yang and Guangxue Fu (1983) |
Czech Republic | |
| Šrein +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Takeda collection +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Aleksandrov et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| maurice.strahlen.org (2004) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
USA | |
| MIM Museum specimen (me 2157) |
| Knopf et al. (1908) +1 other reference |
| Aleksandrov (2010) |
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Brooks Mountain, York Mountains, Port Clarence Mining District, Nome Census Area, Alaska, USA