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Glushinskite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Glushinskite
Formula:
Mg(C2O4) · 2H2O
Colour:
Creamy white, colorless
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine
Hardness:
2
Specific Gravity:
1.85
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Peter Ivanovich Glushinskii (Петр Иванович Глушинский) (1908–1990), coal geologist, Institute of Arctic and Antarctic Geology, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
The Fe analogue of lindbergite, andreybulakhite, humboldtine, and katsarosite.
Both alpha and beta forms are known as synthetic compounds.
Glushinskite is identical to the beta form.
The unnamed alpha form has been reported from the Lake Huleh basin, Jordan Rift Valley, Israel (Cowgill, 1989).
Common biomineral formed at lichen Lecanora atra - serpentinite interface (vide Burford et al., 2003).
Both alpha and beta forms are known as synthetic compounds.
Glushinskite is identical to the beta form.
The unnamed alpha form has been reported from the Lake Huleh basin, Jordan Rift Valley, Israel (Cowgill, 1989).
Common biomineral formed at lichen Lecanora atra - serpentinite interface (vide Burford et al., 2003).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1713
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1713:4
IMA Classification of Glushinskite
Approved
IMA Formula:
Mg(C2)6+O4·2H2O
Classification of Glushinskite
10.AB.10
10 : ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
A : Salts of organic acids
B : Oxalates
10 : ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
A : Salts of organic acids
B : Oxalates
50.1.3.2
50 : ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1 : Oxalates
50 : ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1 : Oxalates
31.1.4
31 : Oxalates, Citrates, Mellitates and Acetates
1 : Oxalates
31 : Oxalates, Citrates, Mellitates and Acetates
1 : Oxalates
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Gsk | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Glushinskite
Sub-Adamantine
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Creamy white, colorless
Hardness:
2 on Mohs scale
Density:
1.85 g/cm3 (Measured)
Optical Data of Glushinskite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.365 nβ = 1.530 nγ = 1.595
2V:
Measured: 58° (1)
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.230
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate (negative)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r < v weak
Chemistry of Glushinskite
Mindat Formula:
Mg(C2O4) · 2H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Glushinskite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Setting:
C2/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.675 Å, b = 5.406 Å, c = 9.984 Å
β = 129.45°
β = 129.45°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.345 : 1 : 1.847
Unit Cell V:
528.26 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
granular, distorted pyramidal crystals, to 5 µm
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.89 Å | (100) |
| 3.179 Å | (70) |
| 2.039 Å | (60) |
| 2.379 Å | (50) |
| 1.861 Å | (50) |
| 3.340 Å | (40) |
| 2.541 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| 53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 |
Type Occurrence of Glushinskite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, Scotland; The Natural History Museum, London, England.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
coal deposits
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Glushinskite
Relationship of Glushinskite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Humboldtine Group:
| Andreybulakhite | Ni(C2O4) · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Humboldtine | Fe2+(C2O4) · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Katsarosite | Zn(C2O4) · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Lindbergite | Mn2+(C2O4) · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Common Associates
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 10.AB. | Deveroite-(Ce) | Ce2(C2O4)3 · 10H2O |
| 10.AB. | Edwindavisite | Cu(C2O4)(NH3) |
| 10.AB.X | Falottaite | MnC2O4 · 3H2O |
| 10.AB. | Uroxite | [(UO2)2(C2O4)(OH)2(H2O)2] · H2O |
| 10.AB.05 | Katsarosite | Zn(C2O4) · 2H2O |
| 10.AB.05 | Andreybulakhite | Ni(C2O4) · 2H2O |
| 10.AB.05 | Humboldtine | Fe2+(C2O4) · 2H2O |
| 10.AB.05 | Lindbergite | Mn2+(C2O4) · 2H2O |
| 10.AB.15 | Moolooite | Cu(C2O4) · nH2O |
| 10.AB.20 | Stepanovite | NaMgFe3+(C2O4)3 · 8-9H2O |
| 10.AB.25 | Minguzzite | K3Fe3+(C2O4)3 · 3H2O |
| 10.AB.30 | Wheatleyite | Na2Cu(C2O4)2 · 2H2O |
| 10.AB.35 | Zhemchuzhnikovite | NaMgAl(C2O4)3 · 8H2O |
| 10.AB.40 | Weddellite | Ca(C2O4) · (2.5-x)H2O |
| 10.AB.45 | Whewellite | Ca(C2O4) · H2O |
| 10.AB.47 | Fiemmeite | Cu2(C2O4)(OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 10.AB.50 | Caoxite | Ca(C2O4) · 3H2O |
| 10.AB.50 | Middlebackite | Cu2C2O4(OH)2 |
| 10.AB.52 | Metauroxite | (UO2)2(C2O4)(OH)2(H2O)2 |
| 10.AB.55 | Oxammite | (NH4)2(C2O4) · H2O |
| 10.AB.60 | Natroxalate | Na2(C2O4) |
| 10.AB.60 | Phoxite | (NH4)2Mg2(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O)4 |
| 10.AB.60 | Carboferriphoxite | [(NH4)K(H2CO3)][Fe3+(HPO4)(H2PO4)(C2O4)] |
| 10.AB.60 | Ferriphoxite | [(NH4)2K(H2O)][Fe3+(HPO4)2(C2O4)] |
| 10.AB.65 | Coskrenite-(Ce) | Ce2(SO4)2(C2O4) · 8H2O |
| 10.AB.70 | Levinsonite-(Y) | (Y,Nd,La)Al(C2O4)(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 10.AB.75 | Zugshunstite-(Ce) | (Ce,Nd,La)Al(C2O4)(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 10.AB.80 | Novgorodovaite | Ca2(C2O4)Cl2 · 2H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in water
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Glushinskite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1713.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Glushinskite
Reference List:
Wilson, M. J., Jones, D., Russell, J. D. (1980) Glushinskite, a naturally occurring magnesium oxalate. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (331) 837-840 doi:10.1180/minmag.1980.043.331.02
Wilson, M. J., Bayliss, Peter (1987) Mineral nomenclature: glushinskite. Mineralogical Magazine, 51 (360) 327-328 doi:10.1180/minmag.1987.051.360.19
Cowgill, U.M. (1989) A naturally occurring alpha magnesium oxalate dihydrate from the northern Jordan Valley (Israel) Mineralogical Magazine, 53 (372) 505-507 doi:10.1180/minmag.1989.053.372.10
BURFORD, EUAN P., KIERANS, MARTIN, GADD, GEOFFREY M. (2003) Geomycology: fungi in mineral substrata. Mycologist, 17 (3). 98-107 doi:10.1017/s0269915x03003112
Frost, R.L (2004) Raman spectroscopy of natural oxalates. Analytica Chimica Acta, 517 (1). 207-214 doi:10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.036
Korneev, Anatolii V., Izatulina, Alina R., Kuz’mina, Mariya A., Frank-Kamenetskaya, Olga V. (2022) Solid Solutions of Lindbergite–Glushinskite Series: Synthesis, Ionic Substitutions, Phase Transformation and Crystal Morphology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23 (23) 14734 doi:10.3390/ijms232314734
Localities for Glushinskite
Showing 7 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Botswana | |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (2003) |
Namibia | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
Russia (TL) | |
| Nefedov (1960) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Wilson et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Garvie (2003) |
| Garvie (2003) +1 other reference |
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Mill of Johnston, Insch, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, UK