| Paragenetic Mode | Age (Ga) | Minerals |
|---|
| Pre-terrestrial "Ur-minerals" | >4.57 | |
| 1 : Stellar atmosphere condensates | | 22 |
| 2 : Interstellar condensates | | 1 |
| Stage 1: Primary nebular phases | 4.567-4.561 | |
| 3 : Solar nebular condensates (CAIs, AOAs, URIs) | >4.565 | 47 |
| 4 : Primary chondrule phases | 4.566–4.561 | 46 |
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 | |
| 5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566–4.560 | 94 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 | 199 |
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 | |
| 7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks | | 129 |
| 8 : Mafic igneous rocks | | 91 |
| 9 : Lava/xenolith minerals (hornfels, sanidinite facies) | | 124 |
| 10 : Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals | | 106 |
| 11 : Volcanic fumarole minerals; reduced phases (see also #45) | | 36 |
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 | |
| 12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | | 128 |
| 13 : Hadean serpentinization | | 66 |
| 14 : Hot springs, geysers, and other subaerial geothermal minerals | | 61 |
| 15 : Black/white smoker minerals and other seafloor hydrothermal minerals | | 32 |
| 16 : Low-𝑇 aqueous alteration of Hadean subaerial lithologies (see also #23) | | 81 |
| 17 : Marine authigenic Hadean minerals (see also #24) | | 50 |
| 18 : Minerals formed by freezing | | 4 |
| Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 | |
| 19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | | 127 |
| 20 : Acidic volcanic rocks | | 45 |
| Near-surface Processes | | |
| 21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | | 78 |
| 22 : Hydration and low-𝑇 subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | | 244 |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | | 393 |
| 24 : Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments (see also #17) | | 75 |
| 25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) | | 210 |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | | 245 |
| 27 : Radioactive decay; auto-oxidation | | 9 |
| 28 : Photo-alteration, pre-biotic | | 10 |
| 29 : Lightning-generated minerals | | 9 |
| 30 : Terrestrial impact minerals | | 16 |
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | | 349 |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | | 406 |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | | 792 |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 | |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | | 614 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | | 753 |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | | 282 |
| 37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals | | 147 |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 | |
| 38 : Ophiolites | | 110 |
| 39 : High-𝑃 metamorphism (blueschist, eclogite, ultrahigh 𝑃 facies) | | 69 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | | 314 |
| 41 : Mantle metasomatism | | 16 |
| 42 : Sea-floor Mn nodules | | 15 |
| 43 : Shear-induced minerals (including mylonite/slickensides) | | 9 |
| Stage 6: Anoxic biosphere | <4.0 | |
| 44 : Anoxic microbially mediated minerals (see also #44) | | 11 |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 | |
| 45 : Oxidized fumarolic minerals (see also [#11]) | | |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | | 251 |
| 45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | | 272 |
| 46 : Near-surface hydrothermal alteration of minerals (see also #22) | | 52 |
| 47 : Low-𝑇 subaerial oxidative hydration, weathering (see also #16 and #23) | | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | | 1,636 |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | | 407 |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | | 571 |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] | | 500 |
| 47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates] | | 371 |
| 47f : [Uranyl (U⁶⁺) minerals] | | 234 |
| 47g : [Halogen-bearing surface weathering minerals] | | 232 |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | | 315 |
| 47i : [Terrestrial weathering of meteorites] | | 28 |
| Stage 8: "Intermediate Ocean" (no new paragentic modes) | 1.9-0.9 | |
| Stage 9: "Snowball Earth" (no new paragentic modes) | 0.9-0.6 | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 | |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 | 71 |
| 49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 | 77 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 | 269 |
| 51 : Pyrometamorphic minerals (see also #54 and #56) | <0.36 | 126 |
| 52 : Guano- and urine-derived minerals | <0.4 | 72 |
| 53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 | 116 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka | |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | | 230 |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals | | 264 |
| 56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55) | | 138 |
| 57 : Other minerals formed by human processes | | 48 |
Hazen, Robert M., Morrison, Shaunna M. (2022) On the paragenetic modes of minerals: A mineral evolution perspective. American Mineralogist, 107 (7) 1262-1287 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8099
