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Cacoxenite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Cacoxenite
Formula:
Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 ยท 75H2O
Colour:
Yellow to brownish yellow, reddish orange, golden yellow, deep orange, green
Lustre:
Silky
Hardness:
3 - 4
Specific Gravity:
2.2 - 2.6
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Name:
From the Greek ฮบฮฑฮบฯฯ for "bad" and ฮพฮญฮฝฮฟฯ for "guest" due to the fact that the phosphorous content of cacoxenite lessens the quality of iron smelted from ore containing it.
A secondary mineral found in oxidized zones of phosphatic magnetite deposits, in novaculites, in phosphate-rich pegmatites, and rarely in iron-rich sediments and soils.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
840
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:840:6
IMA Classification of Cacoxenite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12ยท75H2O
Classification of Cacoxenite
8.DC.40
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
42.13.5.1
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
13 : Miscellaneous
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
13 : Miscellaneous
19.14.27
19 : Phosphates
14 : Phosphates of Fe and other metals
19 : Phosphates
14 : Phosphates of Fe and other metals
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Cac | IMAโCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Cacoxenite
Silky
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Yellow to brownish yellow, reddish orange, golden yellow, deep orange, green
Comment:
Yellow in transmitted light.
Hardness:
3 - 4 on Mohs scale
Density:
2.2 - 2.6 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.217 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Cacoxenite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.575 - 1.585 nε = 1.635 - 1.656
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.060 - 0.071
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ยตm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ยตm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
O = Pale yellow
E = Canary yellow to yellow orange
E = Canary yellow to yellow orange
Chemistry of Cacoxenite
Mindat Formula:
Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 ยท 75H2O
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Al
Crystallography of Cacoxenite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6/m - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P63/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 27.559(1) Å, c = 10.55 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.383
Unit Cell V:
6,939.21 ร
ยณ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals crudely hexagonal, acicular [0001], with a hexagonal cross section at times and indistinct pyramidal faces. Commonly in compact, concentric, spherical to radial aggregates. In bundles, randomly fibrous; as coatings or intergranular cement.
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Labels
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014677 | Cacoxenite | Moore P B, Shen J (1983) An X-ray structural study of cacoxenite, a mineral phosphate Nature 306 356-358 | 1983 | Avant's Claim, near Shady, Polk County, Arkansas, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 11.94 ร | (100) |
| 22.0 ร | (80) |
| 3.3452 ร | (50) |
| 4.897 ร | (40) |
| 6.921 ร | (30) |
| 9.065 ร | (20) |
| 2.7868 ร | (20) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
Common accessory mineral in oxidation zone of magnetic and limonite iron ores, novaculites, rarely in iron rich sediments and soils.
Type Occurrence of Cacoxenite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No defined type material.
Synonyms of Cacoxenite
Other Language Names for Cacoxenite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 326 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Strengite | FePO4 ยท 2H2O |
| 242 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Beraunite | Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4 ยท 6H2O |
| 76 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Rockbridgeite | (Fe2+0.5Fe3+0.5)2Fe3+3(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| 74 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 72 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Wavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 5H2O |
| 53 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Kidwellite | NaFe3+9+x(PO4)6(OH)11 ยท 3H2O, x = 0.33 |
| 47 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Chalcosiderite | CuFe3+6(PO4)4(OH)8 ยท 4H2O |
| 47 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Dufrรฉnite | Ca0.5Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6 ยท 2H2O |
| 44 photos of Cacoxenite associated with 'Aluminium-bearing Strengite' | (Fe,Al)PO4 ยท 2H2O |
| 44 photos of Cacoxenite associated with Ferristrunzite | Fe3+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 5H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.DC. | Ferroberaunite | Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC. | Cรฉsarferreiraite | Fe2+ Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC. | Ferrivauxite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC. | Ianbruceite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) ยท 3H2O |
| 8.DC.05 | Nissonite | Cu2Mg2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC.07 | Euchroite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) ยท 3H2O |
| 8.DC.10 | Legrandite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) ยท H2O |
| 8.DC.12 | Strashimirite | Cu8(AsO4)4(OH)4 ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Earlshannonite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Kunatite | CuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | 'UM2006-27-PO:FeHZn' | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | 'UKI-2006-(PO:AlCuFeH)' | Fe2+Al3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Cobaltarthurite | CoFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Arthurite | CuFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Ojuelaite | ZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Whitmoreite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Bendadaite | Fe2+Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.17 | Kleemanite | ZnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 3H2O |
| 8.DC.20 | Magnesiobermanite | MgMn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.20 | Bermanite | Mn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.20 | Coralloite | Mn2+Mn3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.22 | Kovdorskite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) ยท 3H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Zincostrunzite | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 6.5H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Metavauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Metavivianite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Ferristrunzite | Fe3+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Strunzite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Ferrostrunzite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC.27 | Beraunite | Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC.27 | Tvrdรฝite | Fe2+Fe3+2Al3(PO4)4(OH)5(H2O)4 ยท 2H2O |
| 8.DC.27 | Zincoberaunite | ZnFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Maghrebite | MgAl2(AsO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Ferrolaueite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Ushkovite | MgFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Laueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Paravauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Sigloite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 7H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Nordgauite | MnAl2(PO4)2(F,OH)2 ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Kayrobertsonite | [MnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2(H2O)4] ยท 2H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Kummerite | Mn2+Fe3+Al(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Mangangordonite | Mn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Stewartite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Gordonite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Kastningite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Pseudolaueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.32 | Kamarizaite | Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)3 ยท 3H2O |
| 8.DC.32 | Tinticite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 3H2O |
| 8.DC.35 | Vauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC.37 | Vantasselite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 ยท 9H2O |
| 8.DC.45 | Souzalite | Mg3Al4(PO4)4(OH)6 ยท 2H2O |
| 8.DC.45 | Gormanite | (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 ยท 2H2O |
| 8.DC.47 | Kingite | Al3(PO4)2F2(OH) ยท 7H2O |
| 8.DC.50 | Allanpringite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC.50 | Fluorwavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC.50 | Wavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC.52 | Kribergite | Al5(PO4)3(SO4)(OH)4 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.55 | Mapimite | Zn2Fe3+3(AsO4)3(OH)4 ยท 10H2O |
| 8.DC.57 | Ogdensburgite | Ca2Fe3+4(Zn,Mn2+)(AsO4)4(OH)6 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC.60 | Cloncurryite | Cu0.5(VO)0.5Al2(PO4)2F2 ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC.60 | Nevadaite | (Cu2+,Al,V3+)6Al8(PO4)8F8(OH)2 ยท 22H2O |
| 8.DC.62 | Kenngottite | Mn2+3Fe3+4(PO4)4(OH)6(H2O)2 |
| 8.DC.67 | Molinelloite | Cu(H2O)(OH)V4+O(V5+O4) |
| 8.DC.70 | Whitecapsite | H16Fe2+5Fe3+14Sb3+6(AsO4)18O16 ยท 120H2O |
| 8.DC.75 | Heimite | PbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3 ยท 2H2O |
| 8.DC.80 | Lednevite | Cu[PO3(OH)] ยท H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Cacoxenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-840.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Cacoxenite
Reference List:
Church, A. H. (1895) A Chemical Study of Some Native Arsenates and Phosphates. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 11 (49) 1-12 doi:10.1180/minmag.1895.011.49.01
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.51
Moore, Paul B., Shen, Jinchuan (1983) An X-ray structural study of cacoxenite, a mineral phosphate. Nature, 306 (5941). 356-358 doi:10.1038/306356a0
Dunn, Pete J., Chao, George Y., Fleischer, Michael, Ferraiolo, James A., Langley, Richard H., Pabst, Adolf, Zilczer, Janet A. (1985) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 70 (1-2) 214-221 p.220
Hearn, Paul P. (1988) Cacoxenite in Miocene Sediments of the Maryland Coastal Plain. Clays and Clay Minerals, 36 (5) 419-424 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1988.0360506
Localities for Cacoxenite
Showing 353 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
โ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Oyarzรกbal et al. (2016) |
Australia | |
| Dieter Mylius collection |
| Cendรณn et al. (2004) |
| Bottrill (2018) |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| Sielecki (1988) | |
| Harrowfield et al. (1981) |
| |
| Beyer et al. (1996) |
| Pilkington et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| |
| Sorrell (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| |
| Francis et al. (2012) |
| |
| |
| Birch et al. (1993) | |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
Austria | |
| Strasser (1992) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2009) |
| Auer (2026) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Meixner (1958) | |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Michael Reicht collection |
| M.Reicht collection |
| Bernhard (1996) +1 other reference | |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel (1966) +7 other references |
| Van Tassel (1959) +2 other references |
| perso.infonie.be (2004) |
| Michel Blondieau. +1 other reference |
| Fouassin et al. (1975) +2 other references | |
| Fransolet (1987) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Blondieau (2005) |
| Dillen et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Blondieau et al. (2012) |
Brazil | |
| various photographs |
| Cassedanne et al. (1999) |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
Bulgaria | |
| Kunov (1996) +2 other references |
| Kunov et al. (1997) |
Burundi | |
| www.trademarksa.org (n.d.) |
Cameroon | |
| F. Pillard : "Contribution ร l'รฉtude de l'altรฉration de la vivianite : cas de la vivianite d'Anloua (Cameroun) |
Canada | |
| Boyle (1972) |
| Johnston (1915) |
| Ontario Ministry of Northern ... +1 other reference | |
| Personal Collection - Bill Morgenstern |
| Bill Morgenstern | |
Czech Republic | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Pauliลก +4 other references | |
| Vrtiลกka L. et al. (2018) |
| ฤernรฝ P. et al. (2015) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Povondra et al. (eds.) +1 other reference |
| ฤernรฝ P (1) |
| |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Jirรกsek |
| Janouลก (1995) +5 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Houzar (1998) |
| Vrtiลกka et al. (2017) |
| Stanฤk (1970) +1 other reference |
| Stanฤk (1997) | |
DR Congo | |
| De Bondt (n.d.) |
Europe | |
| Berbain et al. (2012) | |
France | |
| Chollet Pascal collection - Self ... |
| Yannick Vessely collection +1 other reference |
| Pierre Le Roch & Jean-Marc Johannet ... |
| Cuchet et al. (2000) | |
| Coueille (1988) |
| Germain C. (1995) |
| Pierre Le Roch Collection |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Le Roc'h P. () |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Bernard Barriรจre collection |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| M. Arliguie collection +1 other reference |
| Liรจvre et al. (2002) |
| Liรจvre et al. (2002) |
| Liรจvre et al. (2002) |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2004) |
| Boisson (1988) | |
| Alain Hanson Collection (gift from Michel Arliguie 9/2010) | |
| Patureau (2008) |
| Boisson (1988) +1 other reference |
| Alain Hanson collection |
| Queneau P. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Pascale & Daniel Journet |
| Laurent Gayraud collection |
| Lheur (2023) |
| Laurent Gayraud collection +1 other reference |
| Jean-Marie LAURENT collection |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
| Izaac da Silva Leite collection |
| GAYRAUD (2010) +1 other reference |
| Liรจvre J.-M. & Pouit D. (2004) |
Germany | |
| Ko Jansen collection |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| in the collection of Christof Schรคfer |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Obermรผller et al. (1993) | |
| Lorenz (2003) |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Geipel (1982) |
| Dana 7:II:772 |
| von Voith (1836) |
| Fehr et al. (1985) |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
| Dill et al. (2012) | |
| Dill et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Dill (2009) +2 other references |
| Weiร (1990) | |
| web.archive.org (2001) | |
| Kastning et al. (1996) +2 other references | |
| Pรถllmann et al. (2005) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| DILL et al. (2009) | |
| Weber (2013) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Kirnbauer (1984) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Weiร (1990) |
| in the collection of Christof Schรคfer |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Blaร (2002) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Blaร et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Stieglitz et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Emser Hefte 1988 (4) |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| Grรถbner et al. (2011) |
| Witzke (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Martin (1994) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Witzke et al. (1997) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| Pestel et al. (2012) |
| Martin (1994) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
Greece | |
| Frenzel (1895) |
Hungary | |
| NAGY et al. (2000) |
| Szakรกll: Minerals of Rudabรกnya | |
| Zajzon N et al. (20014) |
| GEODA |
| Szakรกll et al. (1996) |
Ireland | |
| |
| Ryback et al. (1988) | |
Italy | |
| collected by F. Castellaro |
| Castellaro-Kampf |
| Marco Ciriotti 2010 |
| Gianluca Armellino et al. (2024) +1 other reference | |
| Mattioli (1979) +1 other reference |
| Olmi F. |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Luigi Chiappino data +1 other reference |
| I. Campostrini personal comunication |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| S. Matsubara (2000) | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| SHIMOBAYASHI et al. (2012) |
| Kitahara (1949) |
| Takashi Yamada et al. (1999) |
| Esaka collection +1 other reference |
Mali | |
| Gineste (2012) |
Mexico | |
| Michael Shannon specimens |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (2012) |
Namibia | |
| Keller et al. (1989) |
New Zealand | |
| Stott (pers. notes) |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Portugal | |
| luigi chiappino specimen |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Martins da Pedra collection +1 other reference |
| Artur Neves' collection - August 2014 |
| Rui Nunes visit 18 July 2015 |
| Nunes (n.d.) |
| |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... |
| Schnorrer-Kรถhler et al. (1991) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| |
| Self-collected by Pedro Alves. |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| |
| Mineralien Atlas | |
| |
| Rui Nunes 2011 |
| Identified in Rebentรฃo Mine |
| self-find |
Romania | |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) +1 other reference |
Rwanda | |
| Bertossa (1968) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Martin ล tevko & Duลกan ... |
South Africa | |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Woolf (2023) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
Spain | |
| Christian Rewitzer collection - SEM-EDS ... |
| mti-minas-andalucia.blogspot.com (n.d.) |
| Sรกinz de Baranda et al. (2004) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2022) +1 other reference | |
| Bareche (2005) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) | |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| Cesar Menor Salvan |
| Nunes (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Calvo et al. (2011) | |
| Miguel Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Miguel Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| NรรEZ-GARCรA et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Vรฉrez et al. (2024) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| |
| Calvo et al. (2003) |
Sweden | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Bjรคllerud (1989) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| EDXS analyses |
UK | |
| George Eric Stanley Curtis collection |
| Lapis 11 (2) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Richard Bell personal collection | |
| Ryback et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) +3 other references |
| Hartley (1984) +2 other references |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Alysson Rowan collection | |
| |
Uruguay | |
| Fabre (n.d.) |
USA | |
| Barwood et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 58:57-62. +1 other reference | |
| Henry Barwood |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:203. +1 other reference | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Simkev Micromounts Collection |
| Dean (1995) |
| Dean (1995) | |
| Dean (1995) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 70 (5) | |
| chris bryant +1 other reference |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Dean (1995) |
| U. S. Geological Survey Open-File ... |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) |
| R&M 70:3 pp 154-170 |
| Howard +1 other reference | |
| R&M 70:3 pp 154-170 | |
| Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010) |
| Rocks & min.: 64:297. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:109. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 113. +2 other references |
| Howard (2007) | |
| C. Swiger Collection | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:118. |
| Smith (1988) | |
| Smith (1988) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:120. |
| Rocks & Min.:64:297-298. |
| Am Min 51:1811-1814 | |
| Smith (1988) | |
| Smith (1988) |
| Pemberton (1983) +2 other references |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| Blanchard et al. (1968) | |
| Min News 21:8 pp 1 +1 other reference |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Kelley Collection | |
| Am Min 53:2096-2101 | |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:185. |
| Cook (1978) |
| Jason Smith & M.E. Ciriotti (2005) |
| Barwood (1999) +1 other reference |
| Cook (1978) |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:347 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals 54:4 pp161-165 | |
| Kampf et al. (2013) |
| Ostrander et al. (1940) |
| Hearn (1988) |
| Bernstein (1976) |
| Dana et al. (1892) |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Silver Coin Mine. Compact Disc. Paul ... |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Collected by Dick Thomssen. |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Jeremy Zolan |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1990 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Wilson et al. (2008) |
| Moore (1973) |
| Smith (2005) |
| Henderson (1980) |
| Locality description: "[...] all the ... | |
| C.G.Segeler (personal communication) |
| See specimen ... |
| B.A. Collection | |
| Freeport-McMoRan |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:84. +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals: 60 (2) +1 other reference |
| Kenny Gay personal message |
| www.mindat.org/mesg-11-168140.html |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| Dana 6: 1069 +1 other reference |
| Sloto (2019) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Henderson (1980) | |
| Min. Col. PA +2 other references |
| K. Cabaniss & L.E. Kearns (2011) |
| |
| Steve Stuart specimen |
| Rocks & Minerals 54:4 pp173-175 |
| Seaman (1976) |
| Loomis (2011) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 67 (6) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:42-45 (also see Rocks & Min.:57:20-22 & 60:168) +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 57:20-22 +1 other reference | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Klemic et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
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La Paloma Mine, Zarza la Mayor, Cรกceres, Extremadura, Spain