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Brendelite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Brendelite
Christian Friedrich Brendel
Formula:
(Bi3+,Pb)2(Fe3+,Fe2+)(PO4)O2(OH)
Colour:
dark brown, black
Lustre:
Adamantine, Vitreous
Hardness:
4½
Specific Gravity:
6.83 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named for Christian Friedrich Brendel (26 December 1776 in Neustädtel - 20 November 1861 in Freiberg), mining Director at Schneeberg-Neustädtel, in recognition of his development and application of mechanized mining technology.
Structurally related to namibite. One of three Bi-Fe phosphate minerals beside paulkellerite and zaïrite.
Phosphate and hydroxyl groups are disordered. An ordered structure model was built basing on a doubled parameter b. The structure details/elements:
- FeO6 octahedra
- PO4 tetrahedra
- Fe2(Oo)4(Oh)2(PO4)2 chains || [010], formed by corner-sharing of the above polyhedra (first type of chains)
- hydrogen bonds, that link the chains in (100)
- edge-connected (Bi,Pb)[1+4]O5 polyhedra, that form (Bi,Pb)2(Oo)2(Op)2 chains || [010] (second type of chains).
Chains of the first and second type have common corners and edges.
Phosphate and hydroxyl groups are disordered. An ordered structure model was built basing on a doubled parameter b. The structure details/elements:
- FeO6 octahedra
- PO4 tetrahedra
- Fe2(Oo)4(Oh)2(PO4)2 chains || [010], formed by corner-sharing of the above polyhedra (first type of chains)
- hydrogen bonds, that link the chains in (100)
- edge-connected (Bi,Pb)[1+4]O5 polyhedra, that form (Bi,Pb)2(Oo)2(Op)2 chains || [010] (second type of chains).
Chains of the first and second type have common corners and edges.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
6831
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:6831:0
Similar Names
| Brandallite | A synonym of Crandallite |
IMA Classification of Brendelite
Classification of Brendelite
8.BM.15
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
M : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 4:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
M : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 4:1
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Bde | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Brendelite
Adamantine, Vitreous
Colour:
Dark brown, black
Streak:
Light brown
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
None Observed
Density:
6.83 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
couldn't be measured
Optical Data of Brendelite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 2.06 nβ = 2.15 nγ = 2.19
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.130
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (65°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
No measured or calculated 2V is on file for this mineral, so the value used here (65°) is estimated from its recorded refractive indices and optic sign, not from a direct 2V measurement.
Dispersion:
r < v strong
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
dark brown to opaque (Y=Z), light brown to brown (X)
Chemistry of Brendelite
Mindat Formula:
(Bi3+,Pb)2(Fe3+,Fe2+)(PO4)O2(OH)
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Pb,Fe(II)
Crystallography of Brendelite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.278(2) Å, b = 3.815(1) Å, c = 6.899(1) Å
β = 111.14(1)°
β = 111.14(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 3.218 : 1 : 1.808
Unit Cell V:
301.4 ų
Z:
2
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014642 | Brendelite | Krause W, Bernhardt H J, McCammon C, Effenberger H (1998) Brendelite, (Bi,Pb)2Fe3+,2+O2(OH)(PO4), a new mineral from Schneeberg, Germany: description and crystal structure Mineralogy and Petrology 63 263-277 | 1998 | Schneeberg, Germany | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.726 Å | (54) |
| 3.372 Å | (77) |
| 3.322 Å | (37) |
| 3.217 Å | (46) |
| 3.011 Å | (100) |
| 2.863 Å | (34) |
| 2.750 Å | (62) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Type Occurrence of Brendelite
General Appearance of Type Material:
tabular to blocky crystals to 0.3 mm, hemispheres with a radiating structure to 3 mm across.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Staatliches Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie, Dresden, Germany.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
secondary, very rare, in dump material of a Bi-Co-Ni-Ag deposit
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Brendelite
Other Language Names for Brendelite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 3 photos of Brendelite associated with Bismutoferrite | Fe3+2Bi(SiO4)2(OH) |
| 1 photo of Brendelite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BM. | Gunmaite | (Na2Sr)Sr2Al10(PO4)4F14(OH)12 |
| 8.BM. | Betpakdalite-NaNa | [Na2(H2O)16Na(H2O)6][Mo8As2Fe3+3O33(OH)4] |
| 8.BM.05 | Retzian-(Ce) | Mn2+2Ce(AsO4)(OH)4 |
| 8.BM.05 | Retzian-(La) | Mn2+2La(AsO4)(OH)4 |
| 8.BM.05 | Retzian-(Nd) | Mn2+2Nd(AsO4)(OH)4 |
| 8.BM.10 | Paulkellerite | (BiO)2Fe3+(PO4)(OH)2 |
| 8.BM.10 | Kolitschite | PbZn0.5Fe3(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Brendelite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-6831.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Brendelite
Localities for Brendelite
Showing 4 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Finland | |
| Ilkka Järvelä collection |
Germany | |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Krause et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
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Güldener Falk Mine, Neustädtel, Schneeberg, Erzgebirgskreis, Saxony, Germany