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Violarite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Photos of Violarite (26)Discuss Violarite

Violarite Gallery Search Photos of Violarite

Edit Violarite Add Synonym Edit CIF structures Clear Cache

Violarite, etc.

Friedrich-August Mine, Horbach, Dachsberg, Waldshut, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

Violarite

Perseverance Mine, Leinster, Leonora Shire, Western Australia, Australia

Violarite, etc.

Antire Road Quarry, Jefferson County, Missouri, USA

Violarite, etc.

Friedrich-August Mine, Horbach, Dachsberg, Waldshut, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

Violarite

Perseverance Mine, Leinster, Leonora Shire, Western Australia, Australia

Violarite, etc.

Antire Road Quarry, Jefferson County, Missouri, USA

Violarite, etc.

Friedrich-August Mine, Horbach, Dachsberg, Waldshut, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

Violarite

Perseverance Mine, Leinster, Leonora Shire, Western Australia, Australia

Hide all sections | Show all sections

About ViolariteHide

Formula:

Fe²⁺Ni³⁺₂S₄

Colour:

Violet gray, copper red, light gray, or steel gray

Lustre:

Metallic

Hardness:

4½ - 5½

Specific Gravity:

4.79 (Calculated)

Crystal System:

Isometric

Member of:

Linnaeite Subgroup > Thiospinel Group > Spinel Supergroup

Name:

From Latin "viola", violet, alluding to the color of the mineral, especially if viewed with a reflected-light microscope.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Vermilion Mine, Denison Township, Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

Linnaeite Group and Thiospinel Group.
Siegenite-Violarite Series.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

4187

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:4187:0

Similar NamesHide

Pholerite	A synonym
Viellaurite		5MnCO₃ · 2Mn₂SiO₄
Villaurite	A synonym of Rhodochrosite
Violaite	A synonym of 'Violan'
Violatite	A synonym of Augite

IMA Classification of ViolariteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

IMA Formula:

Fe²⁺Ni³⁺₂S^2-₄

Type description reference:

Lindgren, Waldemar, Davy, W. Myron (1924) Nickel ores from Key West Mine, Nevada. Economic Geology, 19 (4) 309-319 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.19.4.309

Classification of ViolariteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

2.DA.05

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
A : M:S = 3:4

Dana 8th ed.:

2.10.1.8

2 : SULFIDES
10 : A_mB_nX_p, with (m+n):p = 3:4

Hey's CIM Ref.:

3.11.8

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
11 : Sulphides etc. of Ni

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Vio	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Vio	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019)	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of ViolariteHide

Lustre:

Metallic

Transparency:

Opaque

Colour:

Violet gray, copper red, light gray, or steel gray

Streak:

Black

Hardness:

4½ - 5½ on Mohs scale

Hardness:

VHN₁₀₀=455 - 493 kg/mm² - Vickers

Tenacity:

Brittle

Cleavage:

Perfect
Perfect on {001}

Density:

4.79 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of ViolariteHide

Type:

Isotropic

Reflectivity:

Wavelength	R₁ (%)
400nm	39.0%
420nm	39.6%
440nm	40.2%
460nm	40.6%
480nm	41.0%
500nm	41.4%
520nm	41.9%
540nm	42.5%
560nm	43.1%
580nm	43.8%
600nm	44.3%
620nm	44.8%
640nm	45.4%
660nm	45.8%
680nm	46.2%
700nm	46.6%

Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 46.6%.

Colour in reflected light:

distinctly violet

Chemistry of ViolariteHide

Mindat Formula:

Fe²⁺Ni³⁺₂S₄

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
S	42.542 %
Ni	38.935 %
Fe	18.523 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Fe, Ni, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Co,Cu

Crystallography of ViolariteHide

Crystal System:

Isometric

Class (H-M):

m3m(4/m32/m) - Hexoctahedral

Space Group:

Fd3m

Cell Parameters:

a = 9.51 Å

Unit Cell V:

860.09 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Crystal StructureHide

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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4

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CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Locality	Temp (K)
0004237	Violarite	Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447	2006	synthetic	293
0004236	Violarite	Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447	2006	synthetic	293
0004235	Violarite	Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447	2006	synthetic	293
0004234	Violarite	Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447	2006	synthetic	293
0004233	Violarite	Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447	2006	synthetic	293
0004232	Violarite	Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447	2006	synthetic	293
0004231	Violarite	Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447	2006	synthetic	293
0004230	Violarite	Tenailleau C, Etschmann B, Ibberson R M, Pring A (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope American Mineralogist 91 1442-1447	2006	synthetic	293
0001000	Violarite	Vaughan D J, Craig J R (1985) The crystal chemistry of iron-nickel thiospinels American Mineralogist 70 1036-1043	1985		293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Violarite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Tenailleau C'
'Etschmann B'
'Ibberson R M'
'Pring A'
_journal_name_full 'American Mineralogist'
_journal_volume 91 
_journal_year 2006
_journal_page_first 1442
_journal_page_last 1447
_publ_section_title
;
 A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic
 pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope
 Sample: T = -173 C
;
_database_code_amcsd 0004237
_chemical_compound_source 'Synthetic'
_chemical_formula_sum '(Ni1.8 Fe1.2) S4'
_cell_length_a 9.4211
_cell_length_b 9.4211
_cell_length_c 9.4211
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 836.190
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      4.781
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'F d 3 m'
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loop_
_atom_site_label
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_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
NiT   0.12500   0.12500   0.12500   0.92000   0.00030
FeT   0.12500   0.12500   0.12500   0.08000   0.00030
FeO   0.50000   0.50000   0.50000   0.56000   0.00030
NiO   0.50000   0.50000   0.50000   0.44000   0.00030
S   0.25820   0.25820   0.25820   1.00000   0.00160

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.85 Å	(100)
1.674 Å	(80)
1.820 Å	(60)
2.36 Å	(50)
1.059 Å	(50)
1.183 Å	(40)
1.115 Å	(40)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere	>4.45
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33)
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12])
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks	>3.0
37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals

Type Occurrence of ViolariteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Vermilion Mine, Denison Township, Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

Reference:

Lindgren, Waldemar, Davy, W. Myron (1924) Nickel ores from Key West Mine, Nevada. Economic Geology, 19 (4) 309-319 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.19.4.309

Other Language Names for ViolariteHide

Dutch:Violariet

German:Violarit

Russian:Виоларит

Simplified Chinese:紫硫镍矿
淡红辉镍铁矿
紫硫镍铁矿

Spanish:Violarita

Varieties of ViolariteHide

Beyrichite

The original material has been shown to probably be violarite replacing millerite; other specimens are mixtures of other minerals (Milton and Axelrod, 1955).

Originally reported from Lammerichskaule Mine, Bürdenbach, Altenkirchen, Wied Ir...

Relationship of Violarite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Linnaeite Subgroup > Thiospinel Group > Spinel Supergroup

Other Members of Linnaeite Subgroup:

Cadmoindite	CdIn₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Cuprorhodsite	(Cu⁺_0.5Fe³⁺_0.5)Rh³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Daubréelite	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Greigite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Grimmite	NiCo₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Indite	FeIn₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Joegoldsteinite	MnCr₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Kalininite	ZnCr₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Linnaeite	Co²⁺Co³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Polydymite	Ni²⁺Ni³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Siegenite	CoNi₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
Tarkianite	(Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)₄S₈	Iso. 43m : F43m
Xingzhongite	Pb²⁺Ir³⁺₂S₄	Iso.

Forms a series with:

Polydymite	Polydymite-Violarite Series
Greigite	Greigite-Violarite Series
Siegenite	Siegenite-Violarite Series

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

36 photos of Violarite associated with Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
30 photos of Violarite associated with Pentlandite	(Ni_xFe_y)_Σ9S₈
19 photos of Violarite associated with Pyrite	FeS₂
17 photos of Violarite associated with Pyrrhotite	Fe_1-xS
16 photos of Violarite associated with Marcasite	FeS₂
13 photos of Violarite associated with Millerite	NiS
10 photos of Violarite associated with Polydymite	Ni²⁺Ni³⁺₂S₄
8 photos of Violarite associated with Michenerite	PdBiTe
6 photos of Violarite associated with Galena	PbS
5 photos of Violarite associated with Gersdorffite	NiAsS

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

2.DA.	Ferrodimolybdenite	FeMo₂S₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.DA.	Zaykovite	Rh₃Se₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.DA.	Ezochiite	Cu⁺(Rh³⁺Pt⁴⁺)S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.	Grimmite	NiCo₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.	Zolenskyite	FeCr₂S₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.DA.05	Shiranuiite	Cu⁺(Rh³⁺Rh⁴⁺)S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Fletcherite	CuNi₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Florensovite	(Cu,Zn)Cr_1.5Sb_0.5S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m)
2.DA.05	Siegenite	CoNi₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Cadmoindite	CdIn₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Kalininite	ZnCr₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Nickeltyrrellite	CuNi₂Se₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Linnaeite	Co²⁺Co³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Carrollite	CuCo₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Cuproiridsite	(Cu,Fe)Ir₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Cuprorhodsite	(Cu⁺_0.5Fe³⁺_0.5)Rh³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Berndlehmannite	Cu(CrV)S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Polydymite	Ni²⁺Ni³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Trüstedtite	Ni₃Se₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Daubréelite	Fe²⁺Cr³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Cuprokalininite	Cu(Cr³⁺Cr⁴⁺)S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Greigite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Joegoldsteinite	MnCr₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Bornhardtite	Co²⁺Co³⁺₂Se₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Tyrrellite	Cu(Co,Ni)₂Se₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Indite	FeIn₂S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
2.DA.05	Xingzhongite	Pb²⁺Ir³⁺₂S₄	Iso.
2.DA.05	Malanite	Cu⁺(Ir³⁺Pt⁴⁺)S₄	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m)
2.DA.10	Rhodostannite	Cu⁺(Fe²⁺_0.5Sn⁴⁺_1.5)S₄	Tet. 4/m : I4₁/a
2.DA.10	Toyohaite	Ag⁺(Fe²⁺_0.5Sn⁴⁺_1.5)S₄	Tet. 4/m : I4₁/a
2.DA.15	Brezinaite	Cr₃S₄	Mon. 2/m
2.DA.15	Heideite	(Fe,Cr)_1.15(Ti,Fe)₂S₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
2.DA.20	Konderite	Cu₃Pb(Rh,Pt,Ir)₈S₁₆	Hex. 6/m : P6/m
2.DA.20	Inaglyite	Cu₃Pb(Ir,Pt)₈S₁₆	Hex.
2.DA.25	Kingstonite	Rh₃S₄	Mon. 2/m : B2/m

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for ViolariteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-4187.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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External Links:

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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

Buy from D. Joyce minerals

References for ViolariteHide

Reference List:

CLARK, F.W. & CATLETT, C. (1889): A platinoferrous nickel ore from Canada, Laspeyres’s (sic) polydymite. American Journal of Science 37, 372-374.

Lindgren, Waldemar, Davy, W. Myron (1924) Nickel ores from Key West Mine, Nevada. Economic Geology, 19 (4) 309-319 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.19.4.309

Short, M. N., Shannon, Earl V. (1930) Violarite and other rare nickel sulphides. American Mineralogist, 15 (1) 1-22

Milton, Charles, Axelrod, Joseph M. (1955) Beyrichite, a discredited species. American Mineralogist, 40 (7-8) 767-769

Berry, L. G., Thompson, R. M. (1962) X-Ray Powder Data for Ore Minerals: the Peacock Atlas. GSA Memoir 85. Geological Society of America doi:10.1130/mem85pp.77-78

Karup-Moller, S. (1969) Secondary violarite and bravoite, English Lake, Manitoba. The Canadian Mineralogist, 9 (5). p.629-643.

Craig, James R (1971) Violarite stability relations. American Mineralogist, 56 (5-6) 1303-1311

Desborough, George A., Czamanske, and Gerald K. (1973) Sulfides in eclogite nodules from a kimberlite pipe, South Africa, with comments on violarite stoichiometry. American Mineralogist, 58 (3-4) 195-202

Misra, Kula C., Fleet, M. E. (1974) Chemical Composition and Stability of Violarite. Economic Geology, 69 (3) 391-403 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.69.3.391

Arnold, R.G., Malik, O.P. (1974) Violarite in some nickel ores from Lynn Lake and Thompson, Manitoba, and Sudbury, Ontário, Canada. The Canadian Mineralogist: 12: 320-326.

Hudson, D. R., Groves, D. I. (1974) The composition of violarite coexisting with vaesite, pyrite, and millerite. Economic Geology, 69 (8) 1335-1340 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.69.8.1335

Vaughan, David J., Craig, James R. (1985) The crystal chemistry of iron-nickel thiospinels. American Mineralogist, 70 (9-10) 1036-1043

Richardson, S., Vaughan, D. J. (1989) Surface alteration of pentlandite and spectroscopic evidence for secondary violarite formation. Mineralogical Magazine, 53 (370) 213-222 doi:10.1180/minmag.1989.053.370.08

Dunn, J.G., Howes, V.L. (1996) The oxidation of violarite. Thermochimica Acta, 282. 305-316 doi:10.1016/0040-6031(96)02806-7

Grguric, B. A. (2002) Hypogene violarite of exsolution origin from Mount Keith, Western Australia: field evidence for a stable pentlandite–violarite tie line. Mineralogical Magazine, 66 (2) 313-326 doi:10.1180/0026461026620032

(2005) Violarite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Tenailleau, C., Pring, A., Etschmann, B., Brugger, J., Grguric, B., Putnis, A. (2006) Transformation of pentlandite to violarite under mild hydrothermal conditions. American Mineralogist, 91 (4) 706-709 doi:10.2138/am.2006.2131

Tenailleau, C. (2006) A neutron powder diffraction study of Fe and Ni distributions in synthetic pentlandite and violarite using 60Ni isotope. American Mineralogist, 91 (8) 1442-1447 doi:10.2138/am.2006.2144

Localities for ViolariteHide

Showing 523 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.



Afghanistan
Logar Mohammad Agha District Aynak Cu deposit ⓘ Aynak Central prospect	Orris et al. (2002)
ⓘ Aynak West prospect	Orris et al. (2002)

Antarctica
East Antarctica Mac Robertson Land Prince Charles Mountains ⓘ Jetty Peninsula	Andronikov et al. (2021)
Princess Elizabeth Land Ingrid Christensen Coast Vestfold Hills ⓘ Ring Norite	Egorov et al. (2015)

Argentina
San Luis Province Coronel Pringles Department Estancia Grande ⓘ Las Águilas deposit	FERRACUTTI +1 other reference

Atlantic Ocean
Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex ⓘ Kane Megamullion	Ciazela et al. (2018)

Australia
New South Wales Buccleuch Co. Brungle ⓘ McAlpine Copper Mine	Degeling (1982)
Harden Co. Coolac ⓘ Serpentinite occurrence	Ashley (1975)
Wynyard Co. Tumblong ⓘ Snowball Mine	Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets
Northern Territory Barkly Region Barrow Creek ⓘ Prospect D	Ahmad et al. (2013)
Queensland City of Mount Isa ⓘ Mount Calcite Prospect	Riley (1980)
Cloncurry Shire Rosebud Station Mary Kathleen district ⓘ Mount Colin mine	Riley (1980)
South Australia Pastoral Unincorporated Area Mount Victor Plumbago Station ⓘ Ethiudna Mines	SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ...
ⓘ Ethiudna Main Shaft (Block 7116; Cobalt Nickel And Copper Mining Syndicate; Ethiudna Wollastonite; Lady Katherine; Mc 9726; New Year Gift; New Years Gift)	SA Geodata Database
Tasmania Waratah-Wynyard municipality Heazlewood district ⓘ Lord Brassey Mine	Bottrill et al. (2002)
West Coast municipality ⓘ Trial Harbour district	Bottrill et al. (2008)
ⓘ Nickel Reward Mine	Bottrill et al. (2008)
Zeehan mining district ⓘ Avebury Nickel Deposit (Avebury mine)	Keays et al. (2013)
Victoria Baw Baw Shire Walhalla ⓘ Thomson River Copper Mine (Cooper's Creek Copper Mine)	G.W.Cochrane 1982. Copper
Campaspe Shire Cornella ⓘ Dowd's prospect	A. R. Seymon
Mansfield Shire Woods Point ⓘ Morning Star Mine	Bussat (1980)
Western Australia Boddington Shire Bannister ⓘ Boddington Mine	Kalleske (2010)
City of Karratha Karratha ⓘ Elizabeth Hill Mine (Elizabeth Hills Mine; Elizabeth Hill Silver mine)	Marshall (2001) +1 other reference
ⓘ Ruth Well	Marston (1984)
Coolgardie Shire ⓘ Kambalda	Naldrett (2004)
Kambalda Nickel mines ⓘ Durkin Mine (Durkin Shoot)	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Durkin shaft	Nickel et al. (1977)
ⓘ Fisher Shoots (Fisher complex)	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Gellatly Shoot	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Gibb Shoot	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Hampton East Location 48	Pryce et al. (1974)
ⓘ Hunt Shoot	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Juan complex	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Otter Shoot Nickel Mine	Nickel et al. (1981) +1 other reference
ⓘ Ken Shoot	Marston (1984)
ⓘ McMahon mine	Marston (1984)
St. Ives gold camp ⓘ Foster Shoot	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Jan nickel mine (Jan Shoot)	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Lake Cowan Goldfield	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Cameron Shoot (Cameron Ni prospect)	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Stockwell prospect	Marston (1984)
Lanfranchi Nickel Mine ⓘ Cruickshank shoot (Gigantus prospect)	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Edwin Shoot	Marston (1984)
Spargoville ⓘ Location 5A deposit	Marston (1984)
Widgiemooltha ⓘ 132 North Ni Mine	Nickel et al. (1994)
ⓘ Redross Mine	www.mincor.com.au (2006)
ⓘ Unimin 1 prospect	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Wannaway Ni Mine	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Widgiemooltha 3 Deposit	Marston (1984)
Dundas Shire Norseman Lake Johnston ⓘ Maggie Hays Nickel Mine	Maggie Hays Nickel Mineralization +2 other references
ⓘ Pioneer JH prospect	Cox (1974) +1 other reference
Halls Creek Shire Mabel Downs Station ⓘ Corkwood prospect	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Kalgoorlie-Boulder Shire	Ostwald (1980)
ⓘ Black Swan Mine	Marston (1984) +2 other references
Broad Arrow Goldfield Bardoc ⓘ Bardoc prospect	Marston (1984)
ⓘ East Scotia Ni prospect	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Ringlock prospect	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Scotia Nickel Mine	John Barry (1974)
Bulong Goldfield ⓘ Bulong Complex North Ni Mine	Moeskops et al. (1977)
Cowarna Downs Station ⓘ Cowarna Rocks Ni prospect	Marston (1984)
Mount Monger Goldfield Mount Monger ⓘ Duplex Hill Ni prospect	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Walkers Find Ni prospect	Marston (1984)
Kondinin Shire ⓘ Beautiful Sunday prospect	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Digger Rocks Ni Mine (Diggers Rock; South Endeavour)	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Digger Rocks South Ni mine (South Endeavour)	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Flying Fox Mine (Flying Fox Ni Mine)	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Liquid Acrobat Ni prospect	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Mount Hope prospect	Marston (1984)
Laverton Shire Duketon Goldfield Mulga Queen Community Area (Nurra Kurramunoo) ⓘ Rosie prospect	Godel et al. (2012) +1 other reference
Laverton ⓘ Windarra Ni Mine (Mount Windarra; Windarra; Discovery gossan; Poseidon deposit)	Watmuff (1974) +1 other reference
ⓘ South Windarra deposit	www.poseidonresources.com (n.d.)
Leonora Shire Leinster ⓘ Harmony Ni Mine	www.portergeo.com.au (2004)
ⓘ Perseverance Mine	Econ Geol (1988)
ⓘ Rocky's Reward Mine	Ben Grguric
ⓘ Waterloo Ni Mine	Mutton et al. (2004)
Ten Mile Outcamp ⓘ Mount Clifford Ni deposit	October 1981 +3 other references
Yakabindie Station ⓘ Sheba Ni prospect	Marston (1984)
Menzies Shire ⓘ Mulga Tank Prospect	Ben Grguric
Ngaanyatjarraku Shire West Musgrave Block Mantamaru Community ⓘ Succoth deposit	Grguric et al. (2018)
Sandstone Shire ⓘ Youangarra Goldfield (Curran's Find)	Marston (1984)
Wiluna Shire Lake Way Station ⓘ Honeymoon Well complex	Disseminated and Massive Nickel ... +2 other references
ⓘ Harrier deposit	Gole et al. (2000)
ⓘ West Jordan deposit	Grguric et al. (2013)
Mount Keith ⓘ Cliffs Nickel Mine (Cliffs-Charterhall; Mount Keith-Cliffs Charterhall)	Marston (1984)
ⓘ Mount Keith Open Pit	Marston (1984) +1 other reference

Austria
Carinthia Sankt Veit an der Glan District Micheldorf Hirt Griesserhof (Gulitzen; Gullitzen) ⓘ Serpentinite quarry	Niedermayr et al. (1995)
Lower Austria Horn District Brunn an der Wild Dietmannsdorf an der Wild ⓘ Serpentinite quarries	Kolitsch (2019)
Drosendorf-Zissersdorf ⓘ Wolfsbach	Kolitsch (2015)
Salzburg Zell am See District Fusch an der Grossglocknerstrasse ⓘ Brennkogel north slope (Gold district)	Kolitsch et al. (2018)
Mittersill Haidbachgraben ⓘ Gaiswand mine	Schwabl et al. (2015) +1 other reference
Uttendorf ⓘ Totenkopf (incl. Lower Riffl glacier)	Exel (1993)
Styria Bruck-Mürzzuschlag District Breitenau am Hochlantsch Hochlantsch ⓘ Breitenau Mine	Bojar (1998)
Leoben District Eisenerz ⓘ Styrian Erzberg	Libowitzky et al. (2018)
Liezen District Landl Gams bei Hieflau ⓘ Gams stratigraphic sections	Grachev (Ed) +1 other reference
Tyrol Innsbruck-Land District Axams ⓘ Knappenhof	Vavtar (1995)
Innsbruck Wilten ⓘ Micaschist quarries	Kolitsch (2017)
Lienz District Prägraten am Großvenediger Dorferbach valley ⓘ Gumpachkreuz	Exel (1993)
Hinterbichl ⓘ Serpentinite quarry (Islitzfall)	Mineralienatlas.de

Belgium
Wallonia Hainaut Charleroi ⓘ Mont-sur-Marchienne	Hatert et al. (2002)
ⓘ Gralex quarry	Hatert et al. (2002)

Botswana
Central District Selebi-Phikwe Selebi-Phikwe belt (Selbi-Pikwe) ⓘ Phikwe Mine	Brotherton (1979) +1 other reference

Brazil
Bahia Campo Formoso ⓘ Limoeiro mine	Mota-E-Silva et al. (2016) +1 other reference
Mato Grosso Juína ⓘ Sorriso river	Kaminsky et al. (2013) +2 other references
ⓘ Chicória farm	Kaminsky et al. (2015)
Minas Gerais Fortaleza de Minas ⓘ O'Toole deposit	Brenner et al (1990)
Pará São Félix do Xingu ⓘ Jaguar Nickel Sulphide Project	Mansur et al. (2023)

Bulgaria
Blagoevgrad Province Satovcha Municipality ⓘ Pletena	Bul. Acad. Sci. (1998)

Canada
British Columbia Atlin Mining Division Nahlin River area ⓘ Opal Lake Ni-Cu occurrence	Peatfield (n.d.)
Greenwood Mining Division Bridesville ⓘ Old Nick nickel deposit	Peatfield (n.d.)
Liard Mining Division ⓘ Turnagain River area	Nixon et al. (1998) +2 other references
New Westminster Mining Division Hope ⓘ Giant Mascot Mine	Manor
Similkameen Mining Division Tulameen River ⓘ Grasshopper Mt	Nixon et al. (1990)
Manitoba Bird River area Bird River Sill ⓘ Dumbarton Mine	Coats et al. (1979)
ⓘ Maskwa Open Pit	Phillips (1979)
ⓘ Ore Fault deposit	Good et al. (2009)
ⓘ English Lake Sulfide Prospect	Karup-Moller (1969)
Flin Flon District Bear Lake ⓘ McBratney prospect	Olivo et al. (2004)
Lac-du-Bonnet area ⓘ Bird River Mines (Ore Fault group of claims; Ore Fault deposit)	Nickel (1972) +2 other references
Lynn Lake District ⓘ Lynn Lake Mine	R. G. Arnold and O. P. Malik (1974) +1 other reference
ⓘ Namew Lake mine	Menard et al. (1996)
Thompson Nickel Belt ⓘ Bucko Lake Mine	Good et al. (1993)
ⓘ Manibridge Mine	R. G. Arnold and O. P. Malik (1974)
Moab-Setting Lakes area ⓘ Pipe II Mine (Pipe open pit ?)	Scoates et al. (2017)
ⓘ Thompson Mine	Chen +3 other references
ⓘ Moak deposit	Phillips (1979)
ⓘ Mystery Lake deposit	Phillips (1979)
Ospwagan Lake & Paint Lake area ⓘ Pipe Lake Mine	Phillips (1979)
ⓘ Soab Lake Mine	R. G. Arnold and O. P. Malik (1974)
New Brunswick Charlotte Co. Saint Stephen Parish ⓘ Hall-Carroll deposit (St. Stephen Ni deposit)	dnre-mrne.gnb.ca (2006) +1 other reference
ⓘ Rogers Farm Zone (St. Stephen Ni-Co-Cu Deposit)	dnre-mrne.gnb.ca (2006) +1 other reference
Gloucester Co. Bathurst Parish Bathurst Mining Camp ⓘ Captain deposit	- (2022)
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland Baie Verte Peninsula Tilt Cove ⓘ Tilt Cove Mine	Sabina (2003)
Nunavut Kivalliq Region ⓘ Rankin Inlet Mine	Hulbert et al. (1993) +1 other reference
Ontario Cochrane District Dundonald Township ⓘ Dundonald deposit	Muir et al. (1979) +1 other reference
Montcalm Township ⓘ Montcalm Mine	MDI Number: MDI42B09NE00007 +1 other reference
Greater Sudbury Blezard Township ⓘ Lindsley Mine	Ames et al. (2003)
ⓘ Mount Nickel Mine	Ames et al. (2003)
Broder Township ⓘ Kelley Lake	Ames et al. (2003)
Capreol Township ⓘ Capre Lake Mine	White (2012)
Denison Township ⓘ Aer Mine	Reiner Mielke 2017
ⓘ Crean Hill Mine	Ames et al. (2003)
ⓘ Denison Mine
ⓘ Vermilion Mine (TL)	CLARK et al. (1889) +1 other reference
Drury Township Worthington area Worthington Offset Dike ⓘ Worthington Mine	Short et al. (1930) +1 other reference
Garson Township ⓘ Garson Mine	Vale SA
ⓘ Kirkwood Mine	Ames et al. (2003)
Levack Township ⓘ Levack Mine	Short et al. (1930)
ⓘ McCreedy East Mine	Ames et al. (2003)
ⓘ McCreedy West Mine	Ames et al. (2003)
ⓘ Strathcona Mine	A. R. Graham et al. (1964) +2 other references
Maclennan Township ⓘ Maclennan Mine	Ames et al. (2003)
ⓘ Victor Deep Mine	Ames et al. (2003)
McKim Township ⓘ Copper Cliff North Mine	Ames et al. (2003)
Norman Township ⓘ Norman Property	Ames et al. (2003)
ⓘ Whistle Mine	R. G. Arnold and O. P. Malik (1974)
Rathbun Township ⓘ Dolmac Mine	Econ Geol (1986) +3 other references
Scadding Township ⓘ Scadding Gold Mine	Canadian Mineralogist 45
Snider Township ⓘ Clarabelle Mine	Ames et al. (2003)
Wisner Township ⓘ Broken Hammer Deposit	Ames et al. (2007) +1 other reference
Kenora District Kapkichi Lake Area ⓘ Thierry Mine	Patterson et al. (1984) +1 other reference
ⓘ Norton Lake deposit	Johnson (2005)
Nipissing District ⓘ Strathy Township	Bennett (1978)
ⓘ Kanichee Mine (Trebor; Cuniptau Mine; Cedar Lake)	MDI Number: MDI31M04SW00022
Sudbury District ⓘ Sudbury Complex	157-158. +1 other reference
Thunder Bay District Coldwell complex ⓘ Marathon deposit	Ames et al. (2017)
Crooks Township ⓘ Bahleida occurrence	MDI Number: MDI52A03SW00015
Greenwich Lake Area ⓘ Thunder Bay North deposit (Current Lake zone)	Ontario Ministry of Northern ...
Hagey Township ⓘ Shebandowan Mine	R.J. Traill 1983 +1 other reference
ⓘ Kawene intrusive	Selway (1993)
Lac des Iles Area ⓘ Lac des Iles Complex	Cabri et al. (1979) +1 other reference
ⓘ Lac des Iles Mine	Watkinson et al. (1979) +1 other reference
Pardee Township ⓘ Crystal Lake Intrusion	Smith et al. (2022)
Pays Plat Lake Area ⓘ Nicopor Mine	Nickel (1972)
Seagull Lake Area Seagull Lake complex ⓘ Nipigon Reefs Project	Wilson et al. (2013)
Timiskaming District Bartlett Township and Geikie Township ⓘ Texmont Mine (Fatima)	Naldrett A J et al. (1972)
Cobalt-Gowganda region ⓘ Cobalt area	159-161. +1 other reference
Québec Abitibi-Témiscamingue Abitibi RCM La Motte ⓘ Marbridge Mine	Sabina (2003)
Marbridge No. 1 mine ⓘ No. 3 orebody	Mineral Record (1976)
ⓘ Marbridge No. 2 Mine	Staveley (1976) +1 other reference
La Vallée-de-l'Or RCM Val d'Or ⓘ Akasaba Mine (Obaska Mine)	Alexandria Minerals Corp.
Rouyn-Noranda TE ⓘ Lorraine mine (Lorraine-Hinterland mine)	Nickel (1972)
Chaudière-Appalaches Montmagny RCM St-Fabien-de-Panet ⓘ Eastern Metals Mine	Sabina (1992) +1 other reference
Saskatchewan Lac la Ronge ⓘ Nemeiben Lake deposit	Peddada (1973) +1 other reference
ⓘ Rottenstone Mine	Anthony et al. (1990)
Yukon Whitehorse mining district Kluane District ⓘ Wellgreen Cu-Ni-PGE deposit	Barkov et al. (2002) +1 other reference

Chile
Araucanía Cautín Province ⓘ La Cabaña	González-Jiménez et al. (2016)

China
Gansu Jinchang Jinchuan District ⓘ Jinchuan Ni-Cu-PGE deposit (Baijiajuzi Ni-Cu-PGE deposit)	Ruiqi Wang (1977) +7 other references
Jiuquan Subei Co. ⓘ Heishan Cu-Ni deposit	Jianguo Yang et al. (2012)
Guangxi Hechi Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County Baotan Baotan Cu-Ni ore field ⓘ Dapoling Cu-Ni deposit	Jingwen Mao and Andao Du (2002) +1 other reference
ⓘ Qingmingshan Cu-Ni deposit	Jingwen Mao and Andao Du (2002)
ⓘ Xiaopoling Cu-Ni deposit	Jingwen Mao and Andao Du (2002)
Guizhou Guiyang Kaiyang County Baimacun ⓘ U deposit No. 504	Maozhong Min and Xiangyun Wang (1994) +1 other reference
Zunyi Bozhou District Zunyi Ni-Mo-PGE-Au ore field ⓘ Huangjiawan Mine	Bin Chang (2008) +1 other reference
Hainan Changjiang Co. ⓘ Shilu Mine	Jinjie Yu et al. (2013)
Henan Nanyang Tongbai County ⓘ Liu village	Anthony et al. (1997)
Hunan Yongzhou Lanshan Co. ⓘ Bentou U deposit (Benti U deposit; Sanbaqi U deposit; U deposit No. 387)	Maozhong Min and Xiangyun Wang (1994)
Zhangjiajie Cili Co. ⓘ Dahu Ni-Mo-PGE deposit (Zhangjiajie Ni-Mo-PGE deposit)	Youyu Li et al. (1994)
Inner Mongolia Alxa League (Alashan Prefecture) Alxa Right Banner (Alashan Youqi) ⓘ Gaxun Tal Mine (Kaxiutata Mine)	Dongqing Xu et al. (2006) +1 other reference
Hohhot City (Huhehaote Prefecture) Wuchuan County ⓘ Huanghuatan Cu-Ni-Pt-Pd deposit	Youbin Liang (1981) +1 other reference
ⓘ Xiaonanshan Cu-Ni-(Pt-Pd) deposit	Chen Keqiao et al. (1981)
Jilin Jilin Panshi City ⓘ Hongqiling Cu-Ni-PGE deposit	Zicheng Chen (1991) +1 other reference
Tonghua Tonghua Co. ⓘ Chibaisong Cu-Ni-PGE deposit	Zicheng Chen (1991) +2 other references
Qinghai Haidong Hualong Hui Autonomous County ⓘ Lashuixia Mine	Yinghan Liu (2003) +1 other reference
Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Dulan County ⓘ Dulenggou Cu-Co deposit (Dulengou Cu-Co deposit)	Wang et al. (2024)
ⓘ Shitoukengde mafic–ultramafic intrusion	Li et al. (2021)
Golmud City (Ge'ermu Co.) Wutumeiren ⓘ Xiarihamu Cu-Ni deposit	Wei Du et al. (2014) +1 other reference
Mangnai City (Mangya Co.) Lenghu Co. Niubiziliang complex ⓘ Niubiziliang Cu-Ni deposit	Li +8 other references
Shaanxi Baoji Taibai County ⓘ Shuangwang Au deposit	Mao et al. (2002) +3 other references
Hanzhong Mian County ⓘ Jianchaling Mine	Mao et al. (2002) +2 other references
Tongchang ore field ⓘ Zhangjiashan Cu-Fe deposit	谭毓雯; 朱永峰; 蒋久阳 (2018)
Shanxi Yuncheng Yuanqu Co. Zhongtiaoshan ore field ⓘ Bizigou Cu deposit (Bizhigou Cu deposit)	Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006)
ⓘ Hujiayu Cu deposit	Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006)
Sichuan Garzê Autonomous Prefecture (Ganzi Autonomous Prefecture) Danba Co. Yangliuping Cu-Ni-PGE ore field Yangliuping Cu-Ni-PGE deposit ⓘ Zhengziyanwo ore block	Song et al. (2003)
Panzhihua Yanbian County ⓘ Hongge V-Ti-Fe deposit	Lu et al. (1989) +1 other reference
Tibet Nagqu Amdo Co. (Anduo Co.) ⓘ Anduo Cr deposit	Anthony et al. (1990)
Xainza Co. (Shenzha Co.) ⓘ Cepojiyi	Liu et al. (2024)
ⓘ Zanzongcuo	Liu et al. (2024)
Xinjiang Bayin'gholin Autonomous Prefecture Lopnur Co. (Yuli Co.; Weili Co.) Qieganbulake complex ⓘ Qieganbulake Mine	Tang (2005)
Ruoqiang Co. (Qakilik Co.; Chaqiliq Co.) ⓘ Qingshuiquan Cu deposit	Guofan Liu et al. (2005)
Hami Prefecture (Kumul Prefecture; Qumul Prefecture) Yizhou District Baishiquan ore district ⓘ Baishiquan Cu-Ni deposit	Kui-Shou Ding et al. (2007)
Huangshan-Jing'erquan ore belt ⓘ Hongshigang Cu-Ni deposit

Violarite

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