Log In
Lindgrenite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
About Lindgrenite
Waldemar Lindgren
Formula:
Cu3(MoO4)2(OH)2
Colour:
Green, yellowish green; pale green to yellow-green in transmitted light
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
4½
Specific Gravity:
4.2
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named by Charles Palache in 1935 in honour of Waldemar Lindgren [February 14, 1860 Kalmar, Sweden - November 3, 1939 Brighton, Massachusetts, USA], Swedish-American economic geologist, professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was a profound theorist on ore deposit formation.
A rare secondary mineral occurring in the oxidised zones of molybdenum-bearing copper deposits.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2405
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2405:7
IMA Classification of Lindgrenite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu2+3(Mo6+O4)2(OH)2
First published:
1935
Type description reference:
Classification of Lindgrenite
7.GB.05
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
G : Molybdates, Wolframates and Niobates
B : With additional anions and/or H2O
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
G : Molybdates, Wolframates and Niobates
B : With additional anions and/or H2O
48.3.1.1
48 : ANHYDROUS MOLYBDATES AND TUNGSTATES
3 : Basic Anhydrous Molybdates and Tungstates
48 : ANHYDROUS MOLYBDATES AND TUNGSTATES
3 : Basic Anhydrous Molybdates and Tungstates
27.3.1
27 : Sulphites, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
3 : Molybdates
27 : Sulphites, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
3 : Molybdates
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Lgr | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Lindgrenite
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Green, yellowish green; pale green to yellow-green in transmitted light
Streak:
Pale green
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {010}, perfect; on {101} and {100}, very poor.
On {010}, perfect; on {101} and {100}, very poor.
Fracture:
Micaceous
Density:
4.2 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.29 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Lindgrenite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.930 nβ = 2.002 nγ = 2.020
2V:
Measured: 71° , Calculated: 50°
Birefringence:
0.090
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.090
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v strong
Optical Extinction:
Z ∧ c = 9°.
Chemistry of Lindgrenite
Mindat Formula:
Cu3(MoO4)2(OH)2
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Lindgrenite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/c
Setting:
P21/n
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.394 Å, b = 14.023 Å, c = 5.608 Å
β = 98.5°
β = 98.5°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.385 : 1 : 0.4
Unit Cell V:
419.53 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals tabular or platy {010}, exhibiting {010}, which may be striated parallel [001]. Also may exhibit forms {100}, {021}, and several others. Rarely acicular along [101] with a square outline; crusts; massive.
Forms include {001}, {010}, {100}, {120}, {110}, {210}, {012}, {101}, {111}, {113}, {111}, {121}. {121}, {131}.
Forms include {001}, {010}, {100}, {120}, {110}, {210}, {012}, {101}, {111}, {113}, {111}, {121}. {121}, {131}.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0018341 | Lindgrenite | Bao R L, Kong Z P, Cu M, Yue B, Weng L H, He H Y (2006) Hydrothermal synthesis and thermal stability of natural mineral lindgrenite Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 22 679-683 | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014795 | Lindgrenite | Hawthorne F C, Eby R K (1985) Refinement of the crystal structure of lindgrenite Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1985 234-240 | 1985 | Chuquicamata, Chile | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005073 | Lindgrenite | Calvert L D, Barnes W H (1957) The structure of lindgrenite The Canadian Mineralogist 6 31-51 |  | 1957 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.16 Å | (50) |
| 3.58 Å | (30) |
| 3.52 Å | (100) |
| 3.48 Å | (70) |
| 2.78 Å | (20) |
| 2.72 Å | (30) |
| 2.68 Å | (40) |
| 2.67 Å | (20) |
Comments:
36-0405.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] |
Type Occurrence of Lindgrenite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Thin green plates, with brilliant facets on their edges to a maximum diameter of about 4 mm.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England: #1936,102.
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: #97527, 97528.
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: #97527, 97528.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidized zone of a copper deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Lindgrenite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 12 photos of Lindgrenite associated with Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 10 photos of Lindgrenite associated with Powellite | Ca(MoO4) |
| 9 photos of Lindgrenite associated with Chalcophyllite | Cu18Al2(AsO4)4(SO4)3(OH)24 · 36H2O |
| 8 photos of Lindgrenite associated with Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| 5 photos of Lindgrenite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 4 photos of Lindgrenite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 3 photos of Lindgrenite associated with Szenicsite | Cu3(MoO4)(OH)4 |
| 3 photos of Lindgrenite associated with Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| 3 photos of Lindgrenite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 2 photos of Lindgrenite associated with Huenite | Cu4(MoO4)3(OH)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.GB. | Stunorthropite | (NH4)4[Mo2O6(MoO4)2] |
| 7.GB. | Hartkoppeite | Ca4Mn2+Mo6+6As5+4O32(OH)2(H2O)14 · 5H2O |
| 7.GB. | Wangpuite | K3(PO4)(Mo12O36) |
| 7.GB. | Alexearlite | Hg3S2(MoO4) |
| 7.GB. | Ootannite | Th4+2W6+4O16 · 5H2O |
| 7.GB. | Natromolybdite | Na2MoO4 · 2H2O |
| 7.GB. | Marsaalamite-(Y) | Y(MoO4)(OH) |
| 7.GB.10 | Szenicsite | Cu3(MoO4)(OH)4 |
| 7.GB.15 | 'UM1999-38-WO:CrV' | (V, Cr, W, O, H) [V:Cr:W ratio about 2:1:3] |
| 7.GB.15 | Huenite | Cu4(MoO4)3(OH)2 |
| 7.GB.15 | Cuprotungstite | Cu2(WO4)(OH)2 |
| 7.GB.20 | Phyllotungstite | (H2O,M)x(W,Fe)(O,OH)3 · yH2O (M = Ca, Cs, Pb or K) |
| 7.GB.25 | Rankachite | Ca0.5(V4+,V5+)(W6+,Fe3+)2O8(OH) · 2H2O |
| 7.GB.30 | Ferrimolybdite | Fe2(MoO4)3 · nH2O |
| 7.GB.35 | Mpororoite | WAlO3(OH)3 · 2(H2O) |
| 7.GB.35 | Anthoinite | AlWO3(OH)3 |
| 7.GB.40 | Obradovicite-KCu | [K2(H2O)17Cu(H2O)6][Mo8As2Fe3+3O34(OH)3] |
| 7.GB.45 | Paramendozavilite | [KAl4(H2O)30][Mo12P6Fe3+6O60(OH)13] |
| 7.GB.45 | Mendozavilite-NaFe | [Na2(H2O)15Fe3+(H2O)6][Mo8P2Fe3+3O35(OH)2] |
| 7.GB.45 | Obradovicite-NaCu | Na2(H2O)17Cu(H2O)6][Mo8As2Fe3+3O34(OH)3] |
| 7.GB.45 | Obradovicite-NaNa | [Na2(H2O)16Na(H2O)6][Mo8As2Fe3+3O33(OH)4] |
| 7.GB.50 | Tancaite-(Ce) | FeCe(MoO4)3 · 3H2O |
| 7.GB.50 | Mendozavilite-NaCu | [Na2(H2O)15Cu(H2O)6][Mo8P2Fe3+3O34(OH)3] |
| 7.GB.50 | Mendozavilite-KCa | [K2(H2O)15Ca(H2O)6][Mo8P2Fe3+3O34(OH)3] |
| 7.GB.60 | Peterandresenite | Mn4Nb6O19 · 14H2O |
| 7.GB.60 | Hansesmarkite | Ca2Mn2Nb6O19 · 20H2O |
| 7.GB.60 | Melcherite | Ba2Na2Mg[Nb6O19] · 6H2O |
| 7.GB.65 | Ichnusaite | Th(MoO4)2 · 3H2O |
| 7.GB.70 | Markascherite | Cu3(MoO4)(OH)4 |
| 7.GB.75 | Nuragheite | Th(MoO4)2 · H2O |
| 7.GB.80 | Ophirite | Ca2Mg4[Zn2Mn3+2(H2O)2(Fe3+W9O34)2] · 46H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in HCl and HNO3.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Lindgrenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2405.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Lindgrenite
Reference List:
Bandy, Mark C. (1938) Mineralogy of three sulphate deposits of northern Chile. American Mineralogist, 23 (11) 669-760
Barnes, William H. (1949) The unit cell and space group of lindgrenite. American Mineralogist, 34 (3-4) 163-172
Barnes, William H. (1949) Corrections to recent papers on probertite and lindgrenite. American Mineralogist, 34 (7-8) 611-613
Calvert, Lauriston Derwent; Barnes, William Howard (1957) The structure of lindgrenite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 6 (1). 31-51
Ismagilova, Reseda M., Zhitova, Elena S., Zolotarev, Andrey A., Krivovichev, Sergey V. (2019) Jahn–Teller distortion and thermal expansion anisotropy: temperature-dependent behavior of lindgrenite, Cu3(MoO4)2(OH)2, szenicsite, Cu3(MoO4)(OH)4, and cupromolybdite, Cu3O(MoO4)2. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 46 (5) 437-447 doi:10.1007/s00269-018-1014-6
Localities for Lindgrenite
Showing 28 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Chile | |
| A.Molina & M. Dini collections - ... |
| Palache (1935) +2 other references |
| pers. comm. T. Szenics to C. Lemanski (2006) |
| Maurizio Dini collection |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter |
| Royal Ontario Museum |
Europe | |
| Sejkora et al. (2023) |
France | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
Japan | |
| Miyazaki et al (2000) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Favreau et al. (2019) |
Norway | |
| Raade (1983) +1 other reference |
| Raade (1983) +1 other reference |
Turkey | |
| Erik Vercammen Find and Collection |
UK | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1955) +3 other references |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Reed et al. (1962) | |
| Galbraith et al. (1959) +2 other references | |
| Schaller (1932) +2 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Pemberton (1983) |
| Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| Kampf et al. (2019) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:244 |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (1995) |
Quick NavTopAbout LindgreniteUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence Other LanguagesCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatOther InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
San Samuel Mine, Carrera Pinto, Cachiyuyo de Llampos mining district, Copiapó, Copiapó Province, Atacama, Chile