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Cristobalite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Photos of Cristobalite (262)Discuss Cristobalite

Cristobalite Gallery Search Photos of Cristobalite

Edit Cristobalite Add Synonym Edit CIF structures Clear Cache

Cristobalite

Blaue Kuppe, Eschwege, Werra-Meißner, Kassel Region, Hesse, Germany

Cristobalite, etc.

Cougar Butte occurrence, Cougar Butte, Siskiyou County, California, USA

Cristobalite

Caspar quarry, Ettringen, Vordereifel, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Cristobalite

Blaue Kuppe, Eschwege, Werra-Meißner, Kassel Region, Hesse, Germany

Cristobalite, etc.

Cougar Butte occurrence, Cougar Butte, Siskiyou County, California, USA

Cristobalite

Caspar quarry, Ettringen, Vordereifel, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Cristobalite

Blaue Kuppe, Eschwege, Werra-Meißner, Kassel Region, Hesse, Germany

Cristobalite, etc.

Cougar Butte occurrence, Cougar Butte, Siskiyou County, California, USA

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About CristobaliteHide

Formula:

SiO₂

Colour:

Colorless, white, also blue grey, brown, grey, yellow

Lustre:

Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous

Hardness:

6 - 7

Specific Gravity:

2.32 - 2.36

Crystal System:

Tetragonal

Member of:

Silica Group

Name:

Named after the type locality of Cerro San Cristobal, Mexico.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Cerro San Cristóbal, Pachuca Municipality, Hidalgo, Mexico

Polymorph of:

Coesite, 'Keatite', Moganite, Quartz, 'Quartz-beta', Seifertite, Stishovite, Tridymite, 'UM2000-61-SiO', Xiexiandeite

Cristobalite is a silica polymorph that is thermodynamically stable only at temperatures above 1470°C, up to the melting point at 1705°C, at atmospheric pressures. It commonly metastably persists or even forms at much lower temperatures in silica-rich volcanic and sedimentary environments. It can form crystals in cavities, probably vapour-deposited, or spherulites in obsidian or other silicic volcanics.

It is commonly reported as a major constituent of certain types of opal (opal-C and opal-CT) in marine sedimentary rocks derived from biogenic opaline sediments, and as cavity fills formed from low-temperature groundwater.

Some precious opal is opal-CT. However, some workers note that this material is hydrous and lacks any long-range ordering, the opal structure just mimicking cristobalite and tridymite, so may not be considered true cristobalite (Smith, 1998).

At ambient temperatures, cristobalite is tetragonal, and specimens from volcanic environments are paramorphs of cubic β-Cristobalite or high-cristobalite (stable above 1470°C), still showing the initially cubic crystal morphology. To distinguish it from the high-temperature cubic type, tetragonal cristobalite is also called α-cristobalite or low-cristobalite.

May be intergrown with Tridymite.

Compare 'Unnamed (Monoclinic Phase-II Cristobalite)'.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

1155

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:1155:2

Similar NamesHide

β-Cristobalite

SiO₂

IMA Classification of CristobaliteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

First published:

1887

Type description reference:

vom Rath, G. (1887) Ueber Cristobalit vom Cerro S. Cristóbal bei Pachuca (Mexico). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie: 1987: 198-199.

Classification of CristobaliteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

4.DA.15

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
A : With small cations: Silica family

Dana 8th ed.:

75.1.1.1

75 : TECTOSILICATES Si Tetrahedral Frameworks
1 : Si Tetrahedral Frameworks - SiO₂ with [4] coordinated Si

Hey's CIM Ref.:

7.8.5

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
8 : Oxides of Si

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Crs	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Crs	Kretz (1983)	Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279.
Crs	Siivolam & Schmid (2007)	Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download
Crs	Whitney & Evans (2010)	Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
Crs	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019)	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download
Crs	Warr (2020)	Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30

Physical Properties of CristobaliteHide

Lustre:

Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous

Transparency:

Transparent, Translucent

Colour:

Colorless, white, also blue grey, brown, grey, yellow

Comment:

Often white due to numerous cracks

Streak:

White

Hardness:

6 - 7 on Mohs scale

Tenacity:

Brittle

Density:

2.32 - 2.36 g/cm³ (Measured) 2.33 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of CristobaliteHide

Type:

Uniaxial (-)

RI values:

n_ω = 1.487 n_ε = 1.484

Birefringence:

0.003

Max. Birefringence:

δ = 0.003
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.

Thickness: 30 µm Order divisions

Rotation:

Surface Relief:

Moderate (negative)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).

This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral colouration.

Focus:

In focus

Interference Figure:

This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic (convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.

For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.

Thickness: 30 µm

Optical Extinction:

Parallel

Pleochroism:

Non-pleochroic

Chemistry of CristobaliteHide

Mindat Formula:

SiO₂

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
O	53.257 %
Si	46.744 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

O, Si - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Fe,Ca,Al,K,Na,Ti,Mn,Mg,P

Crystallography of CristobaliteHide

Crystal System:

Tetragonal

Class (H-M):

422 - Trapezohedral

Space Group:

P4₁2₁2

Cell Parameters:

a = 4.9709(1) Å, c = 6.9278(2) Å

Ratio:

a:c = 1 : 1.394

Unit Cell V:

171.18 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Pseudo octahedral crystals, commonly dendritic, spherulites.

Twinning:

On {111} (paramorphs of cubic β-Cristobalite twins)

Crystallographic forms of CristobaliteHide

Crystal Atlas:

Image Loading

Click on an icon to view

Cristobalite no.1 - {111} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by www.smorf.nl.

Crystal StructureHide

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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0020745	Cristobalite	Lee S, Xu H (2019) Using powder XRD and pair distribution function to determine anisotropic atomic displacement parameters of orthorhombic tridymite and tetragonal cristobalite Acta Crystallographica B75 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052520619000933	2019	rhyolitic rock, New Mexico, USA	0	293
0001629	Cristobalite	Downs R T, Palmer D C (1994) The pressure behavior of alpha cristobalite American Mineralogist 79 9-14	1994	Ellora Caves, India	0	293
0018754	Cristobalite	Gibbs G V, Boisen M B, Downs R T, Lasaga A C (1988) Mathematical Modeling of the structures and bulk moduli of TX2 quartz Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings 121 155-165	1988	theoretical	0	293
0012930	Cristobalite	Pluth J J, Smith J V, Faber J (1985) Crystal structure of low cristobalite at 10, 293, and 473 K: Variation of framework geometry with temperature Journal of Applied Physics 57 1045-1049	1985	synthetic	0	293
0012929	Cristobalite	Pluth J J, Smith J V, Faber J (1985) Crystal structure of low cristobalite at 10, 293, and 473 K: Variation of framework geometry with temperature Journal of Applied Physics 57 1045-1049	1985	synthetic	0	293
0012928	Cristobalite	Pluth J J, Smith J V, Faber J (1985) Crystal structure of low cristobalite at 10, 293, and 473 K: Variation of framework geometry with temperature Journal of Applied Physics 57 1045-1049	1985	synthetic	0	293
0010757	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010756	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010755	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010754	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010753	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010752	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010751	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010750	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010749	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010748	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010747	Cristobalite	Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298	1973	Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India	0	293
0010623	Cristobalite	Dollase W A (1965) Reinvestigation of the structure of low cristobalite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 121 369-377	1965	Ellora, Hyderabad, India	0	293
0001630	Cristobalite	Downs R T, Palmer D C (1994) The pressure behavior of alpha cristobalite American Mineralogist 79 9-14	1994	Ellora Caves, India	0.19	293
0018342	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	0.2	293
0018343	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	0.6	293
0001631	Cristobalite	Downs R T, Palmer D C (1994) The pressure behavior of alpha cristobalite American Mineralogist 79 9-14	1994	Ellora Caves, India	0.73	293
0001632	Cristobalite	Downs R T, Palmer D C (1994) The pressure behavior of alpha cristobalite American Mineralogist 79 9-14	1994	Ellora Caves, India	1.05	293
0014542	Cristobalite	Dove M T, Craig M S, Keen D A, Marshall W G, Redfern S A T, Trachenko K O, Tucker M G (2000) Crystal structure of the high-pressure monoclinic phase-II of cristobalite, SiO2 Mineralogical Magazine 64 569-576	2000	synthetic	3.5	293
0014541	Cristobalite	Dove M T, Craig M S, Keen D A, Marshall W G, Redfern S A T, Trachenko K O, Tucker M G (2000) Crystal structure of the high-pressure monoclinic phase-II of cristobalite, SiO2 Mineralogical Magazine 64 569-576	2000	synthetic	3.5	293
0018344	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	3.6	293
0020171	Cristobalite	Matsui M, Sato T, Funamori N (2014) Crystal structures and stabilities of cristobalite-helium phases at high pressures American Mineralogist 99 184-189	2014	calculated structure	4	293
0018349	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Note z-coordinate of O2 is corrected Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	4.9	293
0018345	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	5.4	293
0018346	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	7.3	293
0018350	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	7.4	293
0018347	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	9.1	293
0020170	Cristobalite	Matsui M, Sato T, Funamori N (2014) Crystal structures and stabilities of cristobalite-helium phases at high pressures American Mineralogist 99 184-189	2014	calculated structure	10	293
0018351	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011	Ellora Caves, India	10.1	293
0020708	Cristobalite	Le Bail A (1995) Modelling the silica glass structure by the Rietveld method Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 183 39-42	1995		0	293
0017659	Cristobalite	Nieuwenkamp W (1935) Die Kristallstruktur des Tief-Cristobalits Si O2 _cod_database_code 1010938 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 92 82-88	1935		0	293
0017646	Cristobalite	Barth T (1932) The Cristobalite Structures. I. High-Cristobalite _cod_database_code 1010921 American Journal of Science 23 350-356	1932		0	293
0017674	Cristobalite	Wyckoff R (1925) The crystal structure of the high temperature form of Cristobalite (SiO2) _cod_database_code 1010954 American Journal of Science 9 448-459	1925		0	293
0017665	Cristobalite	Wyckoff R (1925) Die Kristallstruktur von $-beta-Crystobalit Si O2 (bei hohen Temperaturen stabile Form). _cod_database_code 1010944 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 62 189-200	1925		0	293
0018348	Cristobalite	Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529	2011		3.5	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Cristobalite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Lee S'
'Xu H'
_journal_name_full 'Acta Crystallographica, Section B'
_journal_volume 75 
_journal_year 2019
_journal_page_first 
_journal_page_last https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052520619000933
_publ_section_title
;
 Using powder XRD and pair distribution function to determine anisotropic
 atomic displacement parameters of orthorhombic tridymite and
 tetragonal cristobalite
;
_database_code_amcsd 0020745
_chemical_compound_source 'rhyolitic rock, New Mexico, USA'
_chemical_formula_sum 'Si O2'
_cell_length_a 4.9727
_cell_length_b 4.9727
_cell_length_c 6.9257
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 171.257
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      2.330
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P 41 21 2'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  'y,x,-z'
  '1/2-y,1/2+x,1/4+z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,1/4-z'
  '-x,-y,1/2+z'
  '-y,-x,1/2-z'
  '1/2+y,1/2-x,3/4+z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,3/4-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
Si   0.30070   0.30070   0.00000   0.03456
O   0.23900   0.10410   0.17870   0.01869
loop_
_atom_site_aniso_label
_atom_site_aniso_U_11
_atom_site_aniso_U_22
_atom_site_aniso_U_33
_atom_site_aniso_U_12
_atom_site_aniso_U_13
_atom_site_aniso_U_23
Si 0.00890 0.00860 0.00880 -0.00100 0.00200 -0.00200
O 0.02890 0.00940 0.01780 -0.00200 0.00600 0.00100

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
4.05 Å	(100)
3.52 Å	(4)
3.135 Å	(11)
2.841 Å	(13)
2.485 Å	(20)
2.465 Å	(5)
2.340 Å	(1)
2.118 Å	(5)
2.019 Å	(3)
1.929 Å	(5)
1.870 Å	(7)
1.757 Å	(1)
1.730 Å	(1)
1.690 Å	(3)
1.634 Å	(1)
1.612 Å	(5)
1.600 Å	(3)
1.571 Å	(1)
1.567 Å	(1)
1.533 Å	(3)
1.494 Å	(5)
1.431 Å	(3)
1.419 Å	(3)
1.398 Å	(3)
1.379 Å	(1)
1.365 Å	(3)
1.352 Å	(3)
1.346 Å	(1)
1.333 Å	(3)
1.299 Å	(3)
1.281 Å	(3)
1.242 Å	(1)
1.233 Å	(1)
1.223 Å	(3)
1.210 Å	(3)
1.206 Å	(3)
1.188 Å	(1)
1.183 Å	(1)

Comments:

ICDD 11-695, for synthetic material.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 1: Primary nebular phases	4.567-4.561
4 : Primary chondrule phases	4.566–4.561
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration	4.566-4.550
5 : Primary asteroid phases	4.566–4.560
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust	>4.50
8 : Mafic igneous rocks
9 : Lava/xenolith minerals (hornfels, sanidinite facies)
10 : Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals
Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust	>4.4-3.0
20 : Acidic volcanic rocks
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere	<0.6
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals	<0.36
51 : Pyrometamorphic minerals (see also #54 and #56)	<0.36
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals	<10 Ka
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56)

Geological Setting:

Individual crystals in vesicles and lithophysae. A common constituent of opal (opal-C and opal-CT) in sedimentary rocks and siliceous sinter.

Type Occurrence of CristobaliteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Cerro San Cristóbal, Pachuca Municipality, Hidalgo, Mexico

Reference:

vom Rath, G. (1887) Ueber Cristobalit vom Cerro S. Cristóbal bei Pachuca (Mexico). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie: 1987: 198-199.

Synonyms of CristobaliteHide

Silica (in part)

Other Language Names for CristobaliteHide

Dutch:Cristobaliet

Estonian:Kristobaliit

French:Cristobalite

German:Cristobalit
α-Cristobalit
b-Cristobalit
Cristobalitchalcedon
Lussatit
Tiefcristobalit

Italian:Cristobalite

Japanese:クリストバライト

Polish:Krystobalit

Portuguese:Cristobalita

Romanian:Cristobalit

Russian:Кристобалит

Simplified Chinese:方英石
白矽石

Spanish:α-Cristobalita
b-Cristobalita
Cristobalita
Lussatita

Ukrainian:Кристобаліт

Relationship of Cristobalite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Silica Group

Other Members of Silica:

Chibaite	SiO₂ · n(CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈, i-C₄H₁₀) (n = 3/17 (max))	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Fd3
Coesite	SiO₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
'Keatite'	SiO₂	Tet. 422 : P4₃2₁2
Lechatelierite	SiO₂	Amor.
Melanophlogite	46SiO₂ · 6(N₂,CO₂) · 2(CH₄,N₂)	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m)
Moganite	SiO₂	Mon. 2/m
'Opal-AG'	SiO₂ · nH₂O
'Opal-AN'	SiO₂ · nH₂O
'Opal-C'	SiO₂ · nH₂O
'Opal-CT'	SiO₂ · nH₂O
Quartz	SiO₂	Trig. 32 : P3₁21
'Quartz-beta'	SiO₂	Hex. 622 : P6₄22
Stishovite	SiO₂	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P4₂/mnm
Tridymite	SiO₂	Tric. 1
'β-Cristobalite'	SiO₂	Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m
'β-Tridymite'	SiO₂

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

102 photos of Cristobalite associated with 'Obsidian'
55 photos of Cristobalite associated with Fayalite	Fe²⁺₂(SiO₄)
51 photos of Cristobalite associated with Hematite	Fe₂O₃
34 photos of Cristobalite associated with Tridymite	SiO₂
27 photos of Cristobalite associated with Sanidine	K(AlSi₃O₈)
16 photos of Cristobalite associated with Magnetite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
15 photos of Cristobalite associated with Opal	SiO₂ · nH₂O
12 photos of Cristobalite associated with Enstatite	Mg₂Si₂O₆
11 photos of Cristobalite associated with Pyroxene Group	ADSi₂O₆
9 photos of Cristobalite associated with Albite	Na(AlSi₃O₈)

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

4.DA.	Bosoite	SiO₂ · nC_xH_2x+2	Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P6/mmm
4.DA.	Chibaite	SiO₂ · n(CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈, i-C₄H₁₀) (n = 3/17 (max))	Iso. m3(2/m3) : Fd3
4.DA.	'Carbon Dioxide Ice'	CO₂
4.DA.05	Quartz	SiO₂	Trig. 32 : P3₁21
4.DA.10	Tridymite	SiO₂	Tric. 1
4.DA.10	Opal	SiO₂ · nH₂O
4.DA.20	Moganite	SiO₂	Mon. 2/m
4.DA.25	Melanophlogite	46SiO₂ · 6(N₂,CO₂) · 2(CH₄,N₂)	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m)
4.DA.30	Lechatelierite	SiO₂	Amor.
4.DA.35	Coesite	SiO₂	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.DA.35	Xiexiandeite	SiO₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
4.DA.40	Stishovite	SiO₂	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : P4₂/mnm
4.DA.45	'Keatite'	SiO₂	Tet. 422 : P4₃2₁2
4.DA.50	Seifertite	SiO₂	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pbcn
4.DA.55	'Quartz-beta'	SiO₂	Hex. 622 : P6₄22

Fluorescence of CristobaliteHide

In UV light:

Fluoresces weak red in shortwave. Anomalous green fluorescence reported from a few localities.

Other InformationHide

Magnetism:

Non-Magnetic

Thermal Behaviour:

Inverts from high cristobalite at 268°C.

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Cristobalite in petrologyHide

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Metamorphic rock
- Pyrometamorphic rock
  - Buchite
    - Combustion buchite

Internet Links for CristobaliteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-1155.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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External Links:

Look for Cristobalite on Webmineral

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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

Buy from D. Joyce minerals

References for CristobaliteHide

Reference List:

vom Rath, G. (1887) Ueber Cristobalit vom Cerro S. Cristóbal bei Pachuca (Mexico). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie: 1987: 198-199.

Mallard, Ernest (1890) Sur la tridymite et la cristobalite. Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie, 13 (5). p.161-179. doi:10.3406/bulmi.1890.2168

Wyckoff, R.W.G. (1925) The crystal structure of the high temperature form of cristobalite (SiO2). American Journal of Science: 9: 448-459.

Barth, T.F.W. (1932) The cristobalite structures: I. High cristobalite. American Journal of Science: 23: 350-356.

Barth, T.F.W. (1932) The cristobalite structures: II. Low cristobalite. American Journal of Science: 24: 97-110.

Nieuwenkamp, W. (1935) Die Kristallstruktur des Tief-Cristobalits SiO2. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 92 (1-6). 82-88 doi:10.1524/zkri.1935.92.1.82

Murdoch, Joseph (1942) Crystallographic notes: cristobalite, stephanite, natrolite. American Mineralogist, 27 (7) 500-506

Valkenburgh, A. Van, Buie, and B. F. (1945) Octahedral cristobalite with quartz paramorphs from Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India. American Mineralogist, 30 (7-8) 526-535

Sabatier, Germain (1957) Chaleurs de transition des formes de basse température aux formes de haute température du quartz, de la tridymite et de la cristobalite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 80 (10) 444-449 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1957.5194

Dollase, W. A. (1965) Reinvestigation of the structure of low cristobalite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 121 (5). 369-377 doi:10.1524/zkri.1965.121.5.369

Henderson, J. H. (1971) Cristobalite Authigenic Origin in Relation to Montmorillonite and Quartz Origin in Bentonites. Clays and Clay Minerals, 19 (4) 229-238 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1971.0190404

Peacor, Donald R. (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 138 (1-4). 274-298 doi:10.1524/zkri.1973.138.1-4.274

Murata, K. J., Nakata, J. K. (1974) Cristobalitic Stage in the Diagenesis of Diatomaceous Shale. Science, 184 (4136). 567-568 doi:10.1126/science.184.4136.567

Richet, P., Bottinga, Y., Deniélou, L., Petitet, J.P., Téqui, C. (1982) Thermodynamic properties of quartz, cristobalite and amorphous SiO2: drop calorimetry measurements between 1000 and 1800 K and a review from 0 to 2000 K. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 46 (12) 2639-2658 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(82)90383-0

Pluth, J. J., Smith, J. V., Faber, J. (1985) Crystal structure of low cristobalite at 10, 293, and 473 K: Variation of framework geometry with temperature. Journal of Applied Physics, 57 (4). 1045-1049 doi:10.1063/1.334545

Drees, L.R., Wilding, L.P., Smeck, N.E., Senkayi, A.L. (1989) Silica in soils: quartz and disordered silica polymorphs. in Minerals in Soil Environments, Editor S.B. Weed. Soil Science Society of America (Madison Wisconsin, USA): 913-974.

Withers, R. L., Thompson, J. G., Welberry, T. R. (1989) The structure and microstructure of α-cristobalite and its relationship to β-cristobalite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 16 (6) 517-523 doi:10.1007/bf00202206

Hatch, DorianM.; Ghose, Subrata (1991) The α-ß phase transition in cristobalite, SiO2. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 17 (6). 554-562 doi:10.1007/bf00202234

Downs, R. T., Palmer, D. C. (1994) The pressure behavior of α cristobalite. American Mineralogist, 79 (1-2) 9-14

Elzea, J.M., Odom, I.E., Miles, W.J. (1994) Distinguishing well ordered opal-CT and opal-C from high temperature cristobalite by x-ray diffraction. Analytica Chimica Acta, 286 (1). 107-116 doi:10.1016/0003-2670(94)80182-7

Heaney, P.J. (1994) Structure and chemistry of the low-pressure silica polymorphs. In: Reviews in Mineralogy, Volume 29, Silica - Physical behavior, geochemistry and materials applications. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C.

Palmer, David C., Finger, Larry W. (1994) Pressure-induced phase transition in cristobalite: An X-ray powder diffraction study to 4.4 GPa. American Mineralogist, 79 (1-2) 1-8

Elzea, Jessica M. (1996) TEM and X-Ray Diffraction Evidence for Cristobalite and Tridymite Stacking Sequences in Opal. Clays and Clay Minerals, 44 (4). 492-500 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1996.0440407

(1998) Opal, cristobalite, and tridymite: Noncrystallinity versus crystallinity, nomenclature of the silica minerals and bibliography. Powder Diffraction, 13 (1) 2-19 doi:10.1017/s0885715600009696

Dove, M. T., Craig, M. S., Keen, D. A., Marshall, W. G., Redfern, S. A. T., Trachenko, K. O., Tucker, M. G. (2000) Crystal structure of the high-pressure monoclinic phase-II of cristobalite, SiO₂. Mineralogical Magazine, 64 (3) 569-576 doi:10.1180/002646100549436

(2001) Cristobalite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Garg, Nandini; Sharma, Surinder M (2007) Classical molecular dynamical simulations of high pressure behavior of alpha cristobalite (SiO₂). Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 19 (45). 456201 doi:10.1088/0953-8984/19/45/456201

Donadio, Davide; Martoňák, Roman; Raiteri, Paolo; Parrinello, Michele (2008) Influence of Temperature and Anisotropic Pressure on the Phase Transitions in α-Cristobalite. Physical Review Letters, 100 (16). 165502-165504 doi:10.1103/physrevlett.100.165502

Dera, Przemyslaw, Lazarz, John D., Prakapenka, Vitali B., Barkley, Madison, Downs, Robert T. (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 38 (7) 517-529 doi:10.1007/s00269-011-0424-5

Pabst, W., Gregorová, E. (2013) Elastic properties of silica polymorphs - a review. Ceramics - Silikáty: 57: 167-184.

Matsui, M., Sato, T., Funamori, N. (2014) Crystal structures and stabilities of cristobalite-helium phases at high pressures. American Mineralogist, 99 (1) 184-189 doi:10.2138/am.2014.4637

Li, Jiankang, Chou, I-Ming (2016) An occurrence of metastable cristobalite in spodumene-hosted crystal-rich inclusions from Jiajika pegmatite deposit, China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 171. 29-36 doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.10.012

Černok, Ana; Marquardt, Katharina; Caracas, Razvan; Bykova, Elena; Habler, Gerlinde; Liermann, Hanns-Peter; Hanfland, Michael; Mezouar, Mohamed; Bobocioiu, Ema; Dubrovinsky, Leonid (2017) Compressional pathways of α-cristobalite, structure of cristobalite X-I, and towards the understanding of seifertite formation. Nature Communications, 8. 15647 doi:10.1038/ncomms15647

Cavosie, Aaron J., Rickard, William D.A., Evans, Noreen J., Rankenburg, Kai, Roberts, Malcolm, Macris, Catherine A., Koeberl, Christian (2022) Origin of β-cristobalite in Libyan Desert Glass: The hottest naturally occurring silica polymorph?. American Mineralogist, 107 (7) 1325-1340 doi:10.2138/am-2021-7922

Jovanovski, Gligor; Šijakova-Ivanova, Tena; Boev, Ivan; Boev, Blažo; Makreski, Petre (2022) Intriguing minerals: quartz and its polymorphic modifications. ChemTexts, 8 (3). 14 doi:10.1007/s40828-022-00165-2

Localities for CristobaliteHide

Showing 652 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Afghanistan
Panjshir Khenj District ⓘ Panjsher Valley slag deposits	Merkel et al. (2013)

Africa
Sahara Desert ⓘ Sahara 97072 meteorite	Lehner et al. (2014)

Algeria
Adrar Province Reggane District Reggane ⓘ Erg Chech 002 Meteorite ?	www.lpi.usra.edu (2020)
In Guezzam Province In Guezzam District Laouni ⓘ Guerioune massif	Hamis et al. (2021)

Antarctica
East Antarctica Buckley Island quadrangle Lewis Cliff ⓘ Lewis Cliff 88180 meteorite	Meteorlogical Bulletin
ⓘ Carapace Nunatak	Ballance et al. (2002)
Miller Range ⓘ Miller Range 03346 Martian meteorite	Corrigan et al. (2011) +1 other reference
ⓘ Miller Range 090030 Martian meteorite	Corrigan et al. (2011)
ⓘ Miller Range 090032 meteorite	Corrigan et al. (2011)
ⓘ Miller Range 090136 meteorite	Corrigan et al. (2011)
Queen Maud Land ⓘ Conrad Mountains	Ferrero et al. (2018)
Victoria Land ⓘ Mount Adamson	Galli et al. (1996)
Queen Alexandra Range ⓘ Queen Alexandra Range 94204 meteorite	Enstatite +2 other references
Ross Archipelago Ross Island ⓘ Hut Point Peninsula	Browne

Argentina
Chubut Province Languiñeo Department Piedra Parada ⓘ Piedra Parada caldera	ARAGON
Córdoba Province Punilla Department San Roque District Tanti Cerro Blanco pegmatite district ⓘ El Criollo Mine	Mr. Nelson Valenzuela.
Jujuy Province Cochinoca Department Abra Pampa ⓘ Rachaite	Coira et al. (1995)
ⓘ Rachaite prospect	Brodtkorb (2002)
Mendoza Province Malargüe Department Agua Escondida District Altiplano de Payún Matrú ⓘ Payún Matrú Volcano	PXRD by John Attard
Río Negro Province Ñorquincó Department Mamuel Choique ⓘ Mamil Choique quarries	CRAVERO +1 other reference
ⓘ Salar del Hombre Muerto	Raul J. Tauber Larry
Salta Province Los Andes department San Antonio de los Cobres El Quevar mining district ⓘ Incahuasi valley	ROBL +1 other reference

Australia
New South Wales Ashburnham Co. Gumble ⓘ Gumble Mine	Mulholland (1984)
Brisbane Co. Wingen ⓘ Burning Mountain	Rattigan (1967)
Durham Co. Muswellbrook Mount Arthur Coal Mine Complex ⓘ The Pimple	Loughnan et al. (1960)
Westmoreland County ⓘ Jenolan Caves	Podgson RE
Queensland Cairns Region Prosperpine ⓘ Condor deposit	Loughnan et al. (1983)
Victoria City of Greater Geelong Anakie ⓘ Mount Anakie	Judy Rowe collection
ⓘ Eastern Hill	Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection
Macedon Ranges Shire Malmsbury ⓘ Rollinsons quarry	Sutton & Mills (2012)
Moyne Shire Mortlake ⓘ Mount Shadwell Quarry	Birch et al. (2008)
Western Australia Kalgoorlie-Boulder Shire ⓘ Camel Donga meteorite	Chennaoui Aoudjehane et al. (2007)

Austria
Burgenland Oberpullendorf District Markt Sankt Martin Pauliberg ⓘ Basalt quarry	Schebesta (1983) +2 other references
Oberwart District ⓘ Kohfidisch	Mineralienatlas.de +1 other reference
ⓘ Csaterberge (Csater-Berge)	Götzinger et al. (2009)
Carinthia Wolfsberg District Sankt Paul im Lavanttal Kollnitz ⓘ Basalt quarry	Zirkl et al. (1962) +1 other reference
Lower Austria Horn District Langau ⓘ Chalcedony occurrence	Kolitsch (2021)
Krems-Land District Mühldorf Amstall ⓘ Weinberg Middle	Goldmann et al. (2008)
Melk District Persenbeug-Gottsdorf ⓘ Loja	Dominik Sorger: „Mineralogical ...
Styria Leibnitz District Wildon Weitendorf ⓘ Basalt quarry	Aufschluss 1972 (SB)
Südoststeiermark District Bad Gleichenberg ⓘ Borehole St W2	Postl et al. (1996)
Klausen ⓘ Schlarbaum quarry	Aufschluss 1972 (SB) +1 other reference
Wilhelmsdorf ⓘ Stradner Kogel	The analysises were made at Joanneum ...
Feldbach Mühldorf bei Feldbach ⓘ Steinberg ?	Postl et al. (1996)
Klöch ⓘ Basalt quarry	Taucher (1989) +1 other reference

Azerbaijan
Baku City ⓘ Bulla Island	Novgorodova M.I. (caspian Sea)

Belgium
Brussels Watermael-Boitsfort ⓘ Watermael-Boitsfort borehole	Thorez (1973)

Bolivia
Oruro Carangas Province ⓘ Mt Sajama	Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998)
Potosí Nor Lípez Province ⓘ Laguna Cañapa	Bentz (2017)
Sud Lípez Province ⓘ Laguna Chiar Khota	Bentz et al. (2017)
ⓘ Laguna Chulluncani	Bentz (2017)
ⓘ Laguna Hedionda Sur	Bentz (2017)
ⓘ Laguna Honda Sur	Bentz (2017)
ⓘ Laguna Ramaditas	Bentz (2017)
Tomás Frías Province Yocalla Municipality Cerro Huañaquina El Molino ⓘ El Molino dredge tailings ?	Petrov (n.d.)

Brazil
Pará São Geraldo do Araguaia ⓘ Manoel Ambrósio ranch	Revista Brasileira de Geociências
Piauí Nazaré do Piauí ⓘ Calçadinha farm	Costa et al. (2016)

Bulgaria
Kardzhali Province Momchilgrad Municipality ⓘ Zvezdel	Tschernich (1992)

Burkina Faso
Est Region Gourma Province Matiacoali Department ⓘ Nadiabondi meteorite	New York +5 other references

Canada
Alberta Sturgeon County ⓘ Abee meteorite	Dawson +2 other references
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland Baie Verte Peninsula Tilt Cove ⓘ Tilt Cove Slag Locality	Norman Wilson personal collection
Ontario Renfrew County Greater Madawaska Blithfield Township ⓘ Blithfield meteorite	Keil (1968)
Québec Montréal ⓘ Francon quarry	176-178. +2 other references
Saskatchewan ⓘ Buzzard Coulee meteorite	Ruzicka et al. (2012)
Yukon Mayo mining district Macmillan Pass ⓘ Boundary Zone	Grema et al. (2024)

Chile
Antofagasta Antofagasta Province Sierra Gorda Caracoles mining district Caracoles ⓘ San Francisco Mine	XRD and SEM-EDS by J. Schlüter
El Loa Province Ollagüe ⓘ Cerro Pabellón Geothermal System	Vidal et al. (2022)
San Pedro de Atacama ⓘ El Laco Fe deposit	Guo et al. (2022)
ⓘ Lastarria Volcanic Complex	Aguilera et al. (2016) +1 other reference
Arica y Parinacota Parinacota Province ⓘ Guallatiri volcano	Inostroza et al. (2020)
Atacama Copiapó Province Copiapó ⓘ Lobo Mine	- (n.d.) +1 other reference
Portezuelo Codocedo ⓘ Unnamed prospect	XRD by Joachim Lorenz
ⓘ Soledad mine	- (n.d.) +1 other reference
Huasco Province Alto del Carmen ⓘ Pascua Lama project	Deyell et al. (2005)

China
Anhui Bozhou Qiaocheng District Xiaoyanzhuang ⓘ Boxian meteorite	www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.)
Guangxi Baise Pingguo Co. ⓘ Pingguo bauxite deposit	Xinyu Cao and Tongjiang Tang (1986)
Hebei Zhangjiakou Chicheng County ⓘ Dushikou	Xianqiong Wang et al. (1993)
Jiangsu Taizhou Gaogang District Sixiangkou ⓘ Sixiangkou meteorite	Lunar and Planetary Science
Jilin Baishan Fusong County ⓘ Lushuihe Mine	Jie Yao et al. (2002)
Jilin Chuanying District ⓘ Jilin meteorite (Jilin H5 chondrite)	Wankang Huang et al. (1978)
Shandong Weihai Huancui District ⓘ Hailongshi	Fei et al. (2022)
Shanxi Yangquan Kuang District ⓘ Yangquan coal field	Querol +9 other references
Sichuan Garzê Autonomous Prefecture (Ganzi Autonomous Prefecture) Yajiang County Kangding pegmatite field ⓘ Jiajika Mine	Li et al. (2009, December)
ⓘ Murong pegmatite-type Li deposit	Lei et al. (2025)
Ngawa Autonomous Prefecture (Aba Autonomous Prefecture) Jinchuan Co. Ke'eryin pegmatite field ⓘ Dangba deposit	Chen et al. (2026)
Xinjiang Changji Autonomous Prefecture (Sanji Autonomous Prefecture) Jimsar Co. (Jimisar Co.; Jimusa'er Co.) ⓘ Zhangpenggou bentonite deposit	Tang (2005)

Colombia
Bolívar Department ⓘ Membrillal	Barboza-Miranda et al. (2025)

Costa Rica
Alajuela Province Sarchí Canton ⓘ Poás Volcano	Rodríguez et al. (2017)
Cartago Province Turrialba Canton ⓘ Turrialba Volcano	Mick et al. (2021)
Guanacaste Province Cañas Canton ⓘ Los Angeles	- (2005)
Liberia Canton ⓘ Loma Camastro	- (2005)
San José Province Acosta Canton Guaitil District ⓘ Guaitil	Zeledón (2004)

Czech Republic
Hradec Králové Region Trutnov District Radvanice ⓘ Kateřina Coal Mine	Jirásek (2001)
Moravian-Silesian Region Ostrava-City District Ostrava Heřmanice ⓘ Heřmanice dump	Matýsek et al. (2022)
Prague ⓘ Na Slupi site	Ettler et al. (2015)
South Moravian Region Brno-Country District Oslavany ⓘ Rosice-Oslavany coalfield	Hršelová et al. (2013)
Ústí nad Labem Region Most District Korozluky ⓘ Korozluky magmatic rock occurrence (Kolosoruk magmatic rock occurrence; Kolloseruk magmatic rock occurrence)	Filippi +5 other references
Zlín Region Uherské Hradiště District ⓘ Nezdenice	Szakáll (2002)

Ecuador
Azuay Province Cuenca Canton ⓘ Samael clay deposit	- (2005)
Gualaceo Canton ⓘ San Juan mine	- (2005)
Sigsig Canton ⓘ Tinajillas clay deposit	- (2005)
Cañar Province Azogues Canton ⓘ Las Mercedes clay deposit	- (2005)
Galápagos Province ⓘ Galapagos Ridge	Embley et al. (1988) +1 other reference
Loja Province ⓘ El Valle - Lucero clay deposit	- (2005)
Zamora-Chinchipe Province Yacuambi Canton ⓘ Belen clay deposit	- (2005)

Egypt
New Valley Governorate East Uweinat Desert ⓘ Gebel Kamil Crater (Kamil Crater)	Gian Paolo Sighinolfi et al. (2014)
ⓘ Libyan Desert Glass area (Libyan Desert Glass strewn field)	Aaron J. Cavosie +6 other references

El Salvador
Sonsonate Department ⓘ Izalco Volcano	Stoiber et al. (1974)
Usulután Department Berlín ⓘ Berlín geothermal field	Torio-Henríquez (2007)

Estonia
Viljandi County Pillistfer (Pilistvere) ⓘ Pillistfer meteorite	Mészárosová (2018)

Faroe Islands
Streymoy Region Streymoy ⓘ Hoyvik	Caucia et al. (2013)

Fiji
Viti Levu Tailevu ⓘ Korovou Hill	J.M. Boirat and J. Lum

France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Cantal Aurillac Saint-Jacques-des-Blats ⓘ Les Chazes (Puy Griou)	Lacroix (1893)
Haute-Loire Le Puy-en-Velay Espaly-Saint-Marcel ⓘ Mont Denise	Barrier D et al. (2004)
Puy-de-Dôme Clermont-Ferrand Cournon-d'Auvergne ⓘ Sarliève	Aimé Rudel : "Curiosités Géologiques ...
Mur-sur-Allier ⓘ Les Rois Mine	Aimé Rudel : "Curiosités Géologiques ...
Riom ⓘ Lussat	Aimé Rudel : "Curiosités Géologiques ...
French Guiana Constable Islands ⓘ Grand Connétable	de la Paix Izerumugaba et al. (2026)
Ile-de-France Paris ⓘ Paris meteorite	Hewins (2014)
Occitanie Aveyron Villefranche-de-Rouergue Decazeville ⓘ Decazeville smelter slag locality	Vanaecker et al. (2014)
Haute-Garonne Toulouse Saint-Jory ⓘ Saint-Sauveur meteorite	Mason (1966)
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Vaucluse Apt ⓘ Courgas ravine	F. Roulin et al.

Georgia
Guria ⓘ Askana	Ralph E. Grim (2011)

Germany
Baden-Württemberg Freiburg Region Emmendingen Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl Limberg Quarries ⓘ Quarry II	Volker Betz and Peter Lof collections ...
Bavaria Lower Franconia Haßberge District Maroldsweisach ⓘ Zeilberg Quarry	Wittern (2001)
Middle Franconia Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen District ⓘ Polsingen Impact Breccias	geosciences.smsu.edu (n.d.)
Upper Bavaria Traunstein District ⓘ Chiemsee pseudocrater	Neumair et al. (2016)
Upper Palatinate Tirschenreuth District Kemnath Waldeck ⓘ Kalvarienberg	Pöllmann et al. (2007)
Kulmain ⓘ Zinster Kuppe	Weiß (1990)
Hesse Darmstadt Wetteraukreis Ortenberg ⓘ Gaulsberg quarry
Kassel Region Hersfeld-Rotenburg Cornberg ⓘ Sandstone quarry	Müller (1967)
Schwalm-Eder Frielendorf Großropperhausen ⓘ Sterkelsberg Quarry	Collection of Walter Göttler
Werra-Meißner Eschwege ⓘ Blaue Kuppe	Koritnig (1954) +1 other reference
North Rhine-Westphalia Arnsberg Märkischer Kreis Iserlohn Letmathe Helmke quarry nature reserve ⓘ Genna zinc smelter slag locality	Schnorrer-Köhler (1986) +1 other reference
Cologne Aachen Stolberg ⓘ Birkengang zinc smelter slag locality
ⓘ Münsterbusch zinc smelter slag locality	International Association of Collectors ... +1 other reference
Rhineland-Palatinate Ahrweiler Brohltal Burgbrohl ⓘ Herchenberg quarry	Hentschel (1983)
Spessart Hannebach ⓘ Hannebacher Ley	Hentschel (1987)
Altenkirchen Daaden-Herdorf Schutzbach ⓘ Grüneau Mine (Grüne Au Mine; Grünau Mine)	Schnorrer et al. (2000)
Bernkastel-Wittlich Wittlich-Land Bettenfeld ⓘ Mosenberg	Weiß (1990)
Kusel Lauterecken-Wolfstein Hinzweiler ⓘ Hohe Buche	Weiß (1990)
Mayen-Koblenz Maifeld Ochtendung ⓘ Eiterköpfe quarry	Personally collected by Günter Frenz
ⓘ Karmelenberg quarry	Weiß (1990)
ⓘ Langenberg quarry	Personally collected by Günter Frenz
ⓘ Wannenköpfe Quarry	Rondorf et al. (1988) +1 other reference
Mayen ⓘ In der Ahl Quarry	Hentschel (1983)
ⓘ Mayener Feld	Lehmann (1877)
Mendig Bell ⓘ Rothenberg Quarry	Hentschel (1983)
Mendig ⓘ Basalt quarries	Brauns (1922)
Wingertsberg ⓘ Scoria quarry	Blass
Pellenz Kruft ⓘ Tönchesberg	Leu (2017)
Nickenich ⓘ Nickenicher Sattel	Hentschel (1983)
ⓘ Nickenicher Weinberg	Hentschel (1983)
Vordereifel Ettringen ⓘ Caspar quarry	Hentschel (1975)
ⓘ Ettringer Feld	Lehmann (1877)
Kottenheim ⓘ Winfeld	Lehmann (1877)
Rhein-Lahn-Kreis Lahnstein Friedrichssegen ⓘ Friedrichssegen Mine	Gerhard Möhn Collection. Identified by ...
Loreley Braubach ⓘ Lead and silver smelter slag locality	Schnorrer (1993)
Vulkaneifel Daun Oberstadtfeld ⓘ Kahlenberg	Hentschel (1987)
Schalkenmehren ⓘ Altburg	Weiß (1990)
ⓘ Üdersdorf	Hentschel (1989)
ⓘ Emmelberg	Schäfer (1979)
ⓘ Löhley	Hentschel (1989)
Gerolstein Gerolstein Roth ⓘ Rother Kopf	Blaß et al. (2012)
Oberehe-Stroheich ⓘ Kahlenberg	Weiß (1990)
Kelberg Drees ⓘ Niveligsberg	Schüller (1990)
Saxony Erzgebirgskreis Pockau-Lengefeld Forchheim ⓘ Saidenbach reservoir	Wannhoff et al. (2022)
Görlitz District Königshain ⓘ Jenichen Quarry (Jehnichen Quarry; Jähnichen Quarry)	Witzke et al. (2012)
Mittelsachsen Waldheim ⓘ Granulite outcrop	Thomas et al. (2022)
ⓘ Pfaffenberg hill	Borghini et al. (2023) +2 other references
Thuringia Greiz District Kauern ⓘ Lichtenberg Absetzer dump	Witzke et al. (1998)

Greece
Central Macedonia Serres Serres ⓘ Seres meteorite	Hezel (2006)
Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Evros Orestiada ⓘ Pentalofos	Perraki et al. (2004)
North Aegean Samos Western Samos ⓘ Karlovassi basin	Stamatakis (1989)
South Aegean Thira Santorini Island Santorini Caldera ⓘ Nea Kameni Island	Balić-Žunić et al. (2016)

Greenland
Sermersooq ⓘ Kangerlussuaq Fjord	Nicoli et al. (2022)

Guatemala
Quetzaltenango Department Quetzaltenango ⓘ Santiaguito Dome (Santiaguito Volcano)	Stoiber et al. (1974)

Hungary
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County Sárospatak District ⓘ Szemince
Tokaj District Erdőbénye ⓘ Mulató Hill	Society of Economic Geologists Student Chapter University of Miskolc (2018)
Veszprém County Ajka District Úrkút Csárda Hill ⓘ Úrkút Mine	Polgari et al. (2013)

Iceland
Northeastern Region Þingeyjarsveit Skútustaðahreppur Myvatn ⓘ Hrafntinnuhryggur	Found by Björn Mamat (inclusions in Obsidian)
ⓘ Krafla Volcano	Carson III (2015)
Námaskarð Geothermal Area ⓘ Hverir fumarole	Carson et al. (2023)
Southern Region Vestmannaeyjar Vestmannaeyjar archipelago (Westman islands) Heimaey Island ⓘ Eldfell Volcano	Balić-Žunić et al. (2016) +1 other reference

India
Bihar Gaya District ⓘ Shergotty Martian meteorite	Malavergne et al. (2001)
Maharashtra Nashik Division Jalgaon District Sawade Pr Chandsar ⓘ Savda	Gotze +7 other references
Pune Division Pune District Wagholi ⓘ Wagholi Quarries	Ottens et al. (2025)
Tamil Nadu Ramanathapuram district ⓘ Parnallee meteorite	Bridges et al. (1995)

Indian Ocean
Ninety East Ridge (90° E Ridge; Indian Ridge) D.S.D.P. Leg 26 ⓘ Site 253	D. Besse et al. +1 other reference

Indonesia
Banten Province Lebak Regency ⓘ Cilayang village (Kali Maya)	Sun et al. (2008)
East Java Province Banyuwangi Regency ⓘ Ijen volcano	Scher et al. (2013) +1 other reference
Papua Province Mimika Regency Gunung Bijih District ⓘ Wanagon deposit	Hartiningsih et al. (2022)
Special Region of Yogyakarta ⓘ Fumaroles	Symonds (1993) +1 other reference
West Java Province Bandung Regency Tangkuban Perahu Volcano ⓘ Ratu Crater	Dani Lukman Hakim (2016)
Garut Regency ⓘ Papandayan volcano	Mazot et al. (2007)
West Sumatra Province Lima Puluh Kota Regency ⓘ Tanjung Balit	Abidin (2008)

Israel
Southern District Beersheba Subdistrict Tamar Regional Council Hatrurim Basin ⓘ Wadi Halamish	Britvin et al. (2019)

Italy
Abruzzo L'Aquila Province Rocca di Cambio ⓘ Cimina Ignimbrite	Mattioli et al. (2025)
Campania Metropolitan City of Naples Ercolano ⓘ Belvedere (Belvedere Vesuvio)	Balassone et al. (2004)
ⓘ San Sebastiano al Vesuvio	Balassone et al. (2013)
Emilia-Romagna Ferrara Province Cento Renazzo ⓘ Renazzo meteorite	Zanda et al. (1991)
Metropolitan City of Bologna Fontanelice ⓘ Piancaldoli meteorite	Planner (1983)
Lazio Latina Province Ponza Ponza Island ⓘ Cala Fontana old quarry	Passaglia et al. (1995)
Metropolitan City of Rome Capital Allumiere ⓘ La Trinità	Di Domenico et al. (1993) +2 other references
ⓘ Monte Rovello	Conte et al. (2022)
Cerveteri Sasso di Furbara (Sasso) ⓘ Monte Sughereto Quarry	Mattias et al. (1979)
Viterbo Province Montalto di Castro Pietra Massa Locality ⓘ Campomorto Quarry	Bortolozzi (n.d.)
Soriano nel Cimino ⓘ Le Piagge	Federico (1968) +1 other reference
ⓘ Vetralla
ⓘ Pian di San Martino	Bortolozzi (n.d.)
Piedmont Metropolitan City of Turin Baldissero Canavese Bettolino ⓘ Monti Pelati Nature Park	Piccoli et al. (2007)
Caselette ⓘ Calvo Mt. magnesite quarries (Caselette magnesite quarries)	Fenoglio et al. (1942-43) +1 other reference
Givoletto Mt. Baron ⓘ Baron d’la Seil magnesite quarry	Fenoglio et al. (1942-43)
ⓘ Musinè Mountain	Fenoglio et al. (1941) +1 other reference
Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province ⓘ Strona Valley	Carvalho et al. (2019)
Sardinia Oristano Province ⓘ Marrubiu	Orlandi (2011)
Masullas ⓘ Conca Cannas quarry	Bortolozzi (n.d.)
Sassari Province Mara ⓘ Castello di Bonvei kaolin mine	Padalino et al. (2003)
Sicily Agrigento Province Pelagie Islands (Pelagian Islands) Lampedusa (Lampedusa Island) ⓘ Baia dei conigli	Bortolozzi (n.d.)
Metropolitan City of Messina Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands) Lipari ⓘ Lipari Island	Alessandro Cantamessa collection
ⓘ Panarea Island	Savelli et al. (1999)
ⓘ Panarea volcanic field	Di Bella et al. (2026)
Vulcano Island ⓘ La Fossa crater	Campostrini et al. (2011)
Tuscany Livorno Province ⓘ Capraia Island	Barsotti et al. (2006)
Veneto Padova Province Baone ⓘ Monte Cero	Buscaroli et al. (2007) +1 other reference
Cinto Euganeo ⓘ Monte Rusta	Fabris et al. (2014) +1 other reference
Teolo ⓘ Pendisetta-Rocca Pendice	Fabris et al. (2014)
Vicenza Province San Pietro Mussolino ⓘ Bertocchi quarry (ex Alvese quarry)	Zorzi et al. (eds.)

Japan
Akita Prefecture Kosaka Kosaka mine ⓘ Fudozaka	- (n.d.)
Odate ⓘ Fukasawa mine (Fukazawa mine)	Shikazono et al. (1998)
Aomori Prefecture Kamikita District ⓘ Kamikita mine	INOUE et al. (1991)
Ehime Prefecture Kamiukena District ⓘ Kodono	D. Nishio-Hamane collection
Fukuoka Prefecture Yame City Hoshino-mura ⓘ Noya deposit	Yuichi Morishita and Naoto Takeno (2010)
Hokkaidō Prefecture Iburi Subprefecture Usu District ⓘ Mount Usu (Usu volcano)	Africano et al. (2000)
ⓘ Shōwa-shinzan volcano	Oana (1962) +1 other reference
Okhotsk Subprefecture Monbetsu District Engaru ⓘ Shirataki	Fujiwara (1994)
Ibaraki Prefecture Kuji District Daigo-machi ⓘ Ohsawaguchi	Kato (2009)
Kagoshima Prefecture Hishikari gold mine ⓘ Main deposit	Ibaraki et al. (1991)
Kagoshima City Sakurajima ⓘ Arimura	Sorrell (n.d.) +1 other reference
ⓘ Kurokami	Petrov (n.d.)
Kagoshima District Mishima village ⓘ Satsuma-Ioujima (Satsuma-Iwojima; Iou island)	S. Hamasaki (2002)
ⓘ Iodake (Iwodake; Ioudake)	S. Hamasaki (2002)
ⓘ Main Crater	S. Hamasaki (2002) +1 other reference
ⓘ Monogusa	PXRD by Alfredo Petrov
ⓘ Otanibira quarry	S. Hamasaki (2002)
Kanagawa Prefecture Ashigarashimo District Hakone-machi ⓘ Sukumogawa	Petrov (n.d.)
Yugawara ⓘ Kajiya (Kaziya)	Petrov (n.d.)
Kumamoto Prefecture Kumamoto City ⓘ Ishigamiyama	- (n.d.)
Nagano Prefecture Minamisaku District Sakuho ⓘ Mugikusa Pass	boyuan zhang Collection
Nagasaki Prefecture Iki City Iki Islands ⓘ Iki clay deposits	Noriyuki FUJII (1961)
Niigata Prefecture Itoigawa City Ōmi Hashidate ⓘ Kinzandani	Yamada (2004)
Okayama Prefecture Maniwa City Kawakami ⓘ Shimotokuyama	Bernard et al. (2004)
Okinawa Prefecture Yaeyama District Taketomi ⓘ Iriomote Island	Mem. Natn. Sci. Mus. +1 other reference
Shizuoka Prefecture Kamo district Kawazu ⓘ Yanda	PXRD + XRF by Alfredo Petrov
ⓘ Mount Fuji	Petrov (n.d.)
Tokyo Metropolis ⓘ Suiyo Seamount	Marumo et al. (2008)
Yamanashi Prefecture ⓘ Fuchisaka pass	Kato (2009)
ⓘ Mount Fuji	Petrov (n.d.)

Jordan
Amman Governorate Transjordan Plateau Daba-Siwaqa complex ⓘ Deynekoite type locality	Galuskin et al. (2023) +2 other references
Hashem region Lisdan-Siwaga Fault ⓘ Jordan Areva Resources	Fleurance et al. (2013)

Kazakhstan
Akmola Region Zerendi District ⓘ Kokchetav Massif	Hwang et al. (2013) +1 other reference
East Kazakhstan Region Tarbagatai Range ⓘ Ayaguz agate deposit	Palyanova +3 other references
Ulytau Region Satpayev ⓘ Satpayevskoye deposit	Akhmetova et al. (2025)

Kenya
Kajiado County Mount Suswa (Suswa Volcano) ⓘ Cave No. 13A	Forti et al. (2003)
Nakuru County ⓘ Lake Naivasha	Bowen N L (1935)

Lebanon
South Governorate Jezzine District ⓘ Bhanine Valley ?	Kruszewski (2019)

Mexico
Chihuahua Aquiles Serdán Municipality ⓘ Santa Eulalia Mining District	Megaw (2023)
Durango Coneto de Comonfort Municipality Coneto de Comonfort ⓘ Barranca Mine
Pánuco de Coronado Municipality Francisco I. Madero ⓘ La Esperanza Mine	[AmMin 85:263]
Guanajuato Santa Catarina Municipality Santa Catarina Cerro de las Fajas ⓘ Santín Mine	Am Min (1955)
Hidalgo Pachuca Municipality ⓘ Cerro San Cristóbal (TL)	vom Rath (1887)
ⓘ Sierra de Las Navajas	López-Velarde et al. (2025)
Jalisco Colima volcanic complex ⓘ Colima volcano (Volcan de Fuego; Volcan de Colima)	Taran et al. (2000) +1 other reference
Michoacan Coalcomám Municipality ⓘ La Hueca Mine (Sapo Negro)	Ref.: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas et al. (2000)
Contepec Municipality Tepoxtepec (?Tepuxtepec) ⓘ Cabires Mine (?Cubires)	Panczner (1987)
Sonora Álamos Municipality ⓘ Álamos	Broughton (1968)
Pitiquito Municipality ⓘ Carbo meteorite	Marvin (1962)
Tamaulipas Nuevo Laredo Municipality ⓘ Nuevo Laredo meteorite	Duke et al. (1967) +1 other reference

Middle East
ⓘ Hatrurim Formation	Gross (1977)

Mongolia
Dornogovi Province Erdene District ⓘ Khamaryn– Khural–Khiid combustion metamorphic complex	Savina et al. (2020) +1 other reference

Morocco
Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra Region Boujdour Province Jraifia Cercle ⓘ Oued Awlitis 001 Lunar meteorite	Ferrière et al. (2017)

Mozambique
Zambezia Province Gilé District Muiane-Naipa group ⓘ Muiâne pegmatite (Muiâne mine; Emdal mines)	Thomas et al. (2010)

Namibia
Erongo Region Dâures Constituency ⓘ Tubussis Farm 22	von Bezing (2007)
Khomas Region Windhoek Rural ⓘ Arnhem Cave	Martini (1994) +1 other reference

New Zealand
Auckland Region Waitakere Ranges ⓘ ~~Te Henga Road quarry~~	Rod Martin personal collection
Bay of Plenty Region Kawerau District ⓘ Kawerau Geothermal field	www.mightyriver.co.nz (n.d.)
Mayor Island (Tuhua) ⓘ Opo Bay (South East Bay)	Collection of RJ Martin
Rotorua District Mount Ngongotaha ⓘ Hendersons Quarry	Collection of RJ Martin
Okataina ⓘ Mount Tarawera	Cole (1970)
ⓘ Waiotapu (Wai-O-Tapu)	Hedenquist et al. (1985) +1 other reference
ⓘ Whakaari (White Island)	Cody et al. (1979)
Canterbury Region Christchurch City Banks Peninsula ⓘ Flea Bay	Rod Martin personal collection
Manawatu-Whanganui Region Tongariro National Park ⓘ Mount Tongariro	Rod Martin personal collection
New Zealand Outlying Islands Kermadec Islands ⓘ Brothers Volcano	de Ronde +17 other references
ⓘ Curtis Island	Muiruru F.G. (1985)
Northland Region Kaipara District ⓘ Tokatoka	Mason (1957)
ⓘ Bickers Quarry (Simpkins Quarry)	Collection of RJ Martin
Otago Region Clutha District ⓘ Clinton	Railton et al. (1990)
ⓘ Burning Plain Road	Bishop (1965)
Waikato Region Hauraki District Waitekauri ⓘ Golden Cross Mine	Simpson et al. (2001)
ⓘ Wharekirauponga	Rabone et al. (1989)
ⓘ Royal Standard Mine	Rabone
Taupo District ⓘ "K" Trig Quarry	Brown et al. (1994)
ⓘ Ketetahi Hot Springs	Johnstone (1979)
ⓘ Lake Taupo	Brathwaite et al. (2021)
ⓘ 3 Mile Bay	Chernet
ⓘ 4 Mile Bay	Collection of RJ Martin
ⓘ Rangatira Point (Ponui Point)	Collection of RJ Martin
ⓘ Tapuaeharuru Bay	Thornton (Ed.)
ⓘ Wharewaka	Essence of Microscope +1 other reference
Orakeikorako Thermal Area (Orakei Korako; The Hidden Valley) ⓘ Ruatapu Cave (Alum Cave)	Rodgers et al. (2000)
ⓘ Poihipi Road	Stevenson et al. (1994)
ⓘ Airstrip Section	Stevenson et al. (1994)
ⓘ Poihipi Rd basalt Quarry	Collection of RJ Martin
ⓘ Roadcut Section	Collection of RJ Martin
ⓘ Scarp Section	Collection of RJ Martin
ⓘ Tongariro Alpine Crossing Northern Circuit	Johnstone (1979)
Wairakei ⓘ Ngatamariki thermal area (Pavlova Spring)	Brotheridge et al. (1995)
Thames-Coromandel District Hikuai ⓘ Broken Hills	Moore (1979)
ⓘ Tairua River boulder bank	Moore (1979)

Nicaragua
León Department ⓘ Cerro Negro volcano	Hynek et al. (2013)
La Paz Centro ⓘ Momotombo volcano	Hynek et al. (2013)
Telica ⓘ Telica Volcano	Hynek et al. (2013)
ⓘ San Jacinto mudpots	Hynek et al. (2013)

Nigeria
Adamawa Mayo-Belwa ⓘ Mayo Belwa meteorite	Alan E. Rubin (2010)

North Macedonia
Kavadarci Municipality Bojančište ⓘ Aramiska Peštera Cave	Temovski (2016)
Vozarci ⓘ Euronickel smelter slag locality	Đorđević et al. (2024)

Northwest Africa Meteorites
ⓘ Northwest Africa 4734 Lunar meteorite (NWA 4734)	Shohei Kaneko et al. (2011)
ⓘ Northwest Africa 856 Martian meteorite (NWA 856; Djel Ibone Martian meteorite)	Leroux et al. (2006)

Pacific Ocean
Clarion-Clipperton zone ⓘ IOM claim area	Hikov et al. (2025)
ⓘ Galápagos hotspot (GRAFZI project)	Lalou et al. (1989)
Tonga-Kermadec Arc ⓘ Whakatane graben	Schwarz-Schampera et al. (2001)

Pakistan
Punjab Province Bahawalpur District ⓘ Khairpur meteorite	Kimura et al. (2005)
Khushab District ⓘ Adhi Kot meteorite	Mason (1966)

Papua New Guinea
Bismarck Sea Manus Basin Desmos caldera ⓘ Onsen Site	Gena et al. (2001) +1 other reference
ⓘ PACMANUS hydrothermal field	Vanko et al. (2004)
ⓘ Snowcap	Binns et al. (2004)
ⓘ SuSu Knolls hydrothermal field	Hrischeva et al. (2007)
ⓘ Vienna Woods hydrothermal field 4	Lein et al. (1993)
Milne Bay Province D'Entrecasteaux Islands Goodenough Island (Nidula) ⓘ Garnet placer	Baldwin et al. (2021)
Morobe Province ⓘ Wau Mine	Sillitoe et al. (1984)
Oro Province ⓘ Mount Lamington	Arculus et al. (1983)
West New Britain Province ⓘ Talasea Peninsula	Lowder (1970)

Peru
Cajamarca Cajamarca Province Cajamarca District ⓘ El Sol 3 deposit (Encajon)	Dill et al. (1997)
ⓘ La Providencia Mine	Dill et al. (1997)

Poland
Lower Silesian Voivodeship Kłodzko County Gmina Stronie Śląskie ⓘ Stary Gierałtów	Ferrero et al. (2016)
Lublin Voivodeship Zamość County ⓘ Zaklodzie meteorite	Ma et al. (2012)
Silesian Voivodeship Katowice Wełnowiec-Józefowiec ⓘ "Alpy" dump	Pierwoła
Ruda Śląska ⓘ Hugo smelter slag locality	Cempa et al. (2024)
Rybnik Chwałowice ⓘ Jankowice mine heap	Łukasz Kruszewski preliminary ...
ⓘ Starzykowiec coal-mining dump	Ciesielczuk et al. (2014)
Świętochłowice ⓘ ZM Silesia zinc smelter slag locality	Cempa et al. (2024)
Wodzisław County Wodzisław Śląski ⓘ Pszów	Kruszewski et al. (2018)

Portugal
Lisbon Sintra Almargem do Bispo，Pêro Pinheiro e Montelavar ⓘ Penedo do Lagarto quarry ?	Rui Nunes collection 2011/2012

Romania
Brașov County ⓘ Racoş (Racoşul de Jos)	Szakáll
ⓘ Basalt quarry	Szakáll et al. (2010)
Harghita County ⓘ Mezö-Madaras meteorite (Fekete; Madaras; Maros; Mesö-Madarasz; Mezoe-Madaras; Weiler [NHM Cat.])	Fuchs (1968) +1 other reference

Russia
Chelyabinsk Oblast ⓘ Chelyabinsk coal basin	Cesnokov et al. (1998)
Kabardino-Balkaria Elbrussky District ⓘ Elbrus caldera	Gurbanov et al. (2008)
Kamchatka Krai Milkovsky District ⓘ Tolbachik Volcanic field	Large Tolbachik Fissure Eruption
Ust-Bolsheretsky District ⓘ Il'inskaya Sopka volcano	Pavel.M. Kartashov data.
ⓘ Yagodninskoe zeolite deposit	Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (1984)
Yelizovsky District Kronotsky Reserve ⓘ Uzon Caldera	Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka
Mutnovskoe ⓘ Mutnovsky volcano	American Mineralogist +1 other reference
ⓘ Severo‐Mutnovsky thermal fields	Frolova et al. (2010, April)
ⓘ Rodnikovoe	Takahashi et al. (2002)
Khakassia (Republic of Khakassia) Ust-Abakansky District ⓘ Taloe Lake	Arkhipov et al. (2015)
Krasnodar Krai Taman Peninsula ⓘ Karabetova mountain (Karabetova Salse)	Kokh et al. (2023)
Krasnoyarsk Krai Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District ⓘ Popigai impact crater (Popigai impact structure)	MASAITIS (1998)
Magadan Oblast Degdekan rivulet ⓘ Kolyma fulgurite occurrence	Plyashkevich et al. (2016) +1 other reference
Murmansk Oblast ⓘ Khibiny Massif	...
Lovozersky District ⓘ Karnasurt Mountain	Chukanov et al. (2001)
ⓘ Natrolite Stock	Pekov et al. (2007)
Omsk Oblast ⓘ Vasyugan Swamp	Рубан et al. (Authigenic Minerals in Peat Deposit of South-Eastern Corner of Vasyugan Swamp, Western Siberia)
Perm Krai Solikamsky District Solikamsk ⓘ Verkhnekamskoe K deposit	Chaykovsky et al. (2015)
Primorsky Krai ⓘ Raduzhnoe Deposit	Vysotskiy et al. (2010)
Republic of Karelia ⓘ Lake Jänisjärvi	Zamiatina et al. (2022)
Sakha ⓘ Kildyam volcano complex	Kostin (2021)
Sakhalin Oblast Kuril Islands Kurilsky District Iturup Island ⓘ Baranskogo hydrothermal field	Frolova et al. (2010, April)
ⓘ Kudriavy Volcano	Africano et al. (2003) +2 other references
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ⓘ Lower Berezovskaya subformation	Zueva et al. (2023)

Saint Lucia
Choc ⓘ Rhyolite dykes	Le Guen de Kerneizon et al. (1982) +1 other reference
Grande Rivière Village Morne Serpent hill ⓘ Rhyolite flow	Le Guen de Kerneizon et al. (1982)
Soufrière ⓘ Sulphur Springs	Goff et al. (1984)

Serbia
Central Serbia Jablanica District Medveđa Lece volcanic complex ⓘ Vlasovo quarry	Miladinović et al. (2024)

Slovakia
Banská Bystrica Region Banská Bystrica District Povrazník ⓘ Povrazník occurrence	Ďuďa R.
ⓘ Banská Štiavnica District	Ďuďa R. et al. (1993)
Banská Štiavnica ⓘ Červená Studňa	Lexa et al. (1999)
ⓘ Dekýš	Lexa et al. (1999)
Detva District ⓘ Vígľašská Huta-Kalinka	Rojkovičová
Krupina District Hontianske Nemce ⓘ Sitnianska Lehôtka	Koděra et al. (1986)
Žarnovica District Žarnovica ⓘ Žarnovická Huta	Koděra et al. (1986)
Žiar nad Hronom District ⓘ Bartošova Lehôtka	Koděra et al. (1986)
Hliník nad Hronom ⓘ Hliník nad Hronom rhyolite quarry	Koděra et al. (1986)
ⓘ Jastrabá	Koděra et al. (1986)
Kremnica ⓘ Kremnica Au-Ag deposit	Ďuďa (1993)
Prochot ⓘ Lazy ore occurrence	Koděra P. et al. (2016)
Stará Kremnička ⓘ Jelšový potok bentonite deposit	Kraus I. et al. (1989)
ⓘ Stará Kremnička quarry	Pauliš
Košice Region Košice-okolie District Družstevná pri Hornáde ⓘ Tepličany	Koděra et al. (1986)
Ruskov ⓘ Ruskov quarry	Timko M. et al. (2025)
Michalovce District Michalovce ⓘ Biela Hora	Koděra et al. (1986)
Poruba pod Vihorlatom ⓘ Quartzite outcrops	Koděra et al. (1986)
Sobrance District ⓘ Remetské Hámre	Bacsó
Trebišov District ⓘ Brezina	Pauliš et al. (2002)
ⓘ Byšta	Koděra
Viničky ⓘ Obsidian occurrence	Kaličiak
Nitra Region Levice District ⓘ Pukanec	Koděra et al. (1986)
Prešov Region Prešov District Červenica Dubník ⓘ Slávik adit	Koděra et al. (1986)
Fintice ⓘ Fintice quarry	Ďuďa
Okružná ⓘ Okružná quarry	Duda et all.
Vyšná Šebastová ⓘ Maglovec quarry	Ďuďa
Zlatá Baňa ⓘ Zlatá Baňa deposit	Duda et. all.
ⓘ Base metal deposit	Ďuďa R. (2001)
Snina District ⓘ Ladomirov	Pauliš
Vranov nad Topľou District ⓘ Hermanovce nad Topľou	Koděra et al. (1986)
Nižný Hrabovec ⓘ Clinoptilolite mine	Tschegg et al. (2019)
Vechec ⓘ Vechec quarry	Ďuďa

South Africa


South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
ⓘ Bellingshausen Island	Baker (1978)
ⓘ Candlemas Island	Tomblin (1979)

South Korea
North Jeolla Province Jinan County Mount Munpilbong ⓘ Jinan Daeryang-ri copper smelter	Choi et al. (2024)

Spain
Andalusia Almería Níjar ⓘ El Hoyazo	Alonso et al. (2015) +1 other reference
ⓘ Rambla de las Granatillas	lapis-2005-10-13
Balearic Islands Majorca Llucmajor ⓘ Cova del Pas de Vallgornera	Onac et al. (2014)
Castile-La Mancha Albacete Elche de la Sierra ⓘ Cerro Morote	Abad +3 other references
Community of Madrid Madrid Vallecas ⓘ Sepiolite deposit	Ruishi Yang and Wenguang Li (2001)

Switzerland
Ticino Lugano Alto Malcantone Breno ⓘ Slag locality	Stalder et al. (1998)

Syria
Homs Governorate Khunayfis ⓘ Khunayfis deposit (Khneifiss deposit; Kneifis deposit; Khneifess mines; Khunaifis mines)	Abbas et al. (1985) +1 other reference

Thailand
Chonburi Province ⓘ Khao Kaew	Mustoe et al. (2022)

Tonga
Northern Lau Basin ⓘ Niuatahi-Motutahi volcano (Volcano O)	Park et al. (2016)
Southern Lau Basin ⓘ Valu Fa Ridge	Stackelberg et al. (1990)
Tongatapu ⓘ 'Ata Island	Johnstone (1980)

Tunisia
Tataouine Tataouine (Foum Tatahouine) ⓘ Tatahouine meteorite	AmMin 87:1245

Turkey
Balikesir Province Biga Peninsula ⓘ Ayvacik Bentonite Deposit	Çoban (1999)
Sındırgı District Mumcu ⓘ Döküş Hill kaolinite deposit	Oygür (1997)
Burdur Province Burdur ⓘ Çamoluk deposits	TEKER et al. (2006)
ⓘ Çavdır District	Z. Cacsu and H. Emre (2011)
Çanakkale Province Ayvacık District ⓘ Tuzla geothermal field	Kiray et al. (2025)
ⓘ Cappadocia	Dogan (2003)
Elazığ Province Ağın District ⓘ Diatomite outcrops	Sanogo et al. (2026)
Eskişehir Province Mihaliççik District ⓘ Killik	Echle (1967)
Sivrihisar District ⓘ Kaymaz Gold Project	Yahya Çiftçi et al. (2013)
İzmir Province Menderes District ⓘ Gümüldür	KARACIK +3 other references
Kahramanmaraş Province ⓘ Kışlaköy open-pit mine	Kara et al. (2026)
Kütahya Province Kütahya District ⓘ Senator mine	Bernasconi et al. (1980)
Tokat Province Zile District ⓘ Yücepinar	Kaydu Akbudak et al. (2021)

Turkmenistan
Ahal Region ⓘ Dengli meteorite	Ivanova et al. (1993)

UK
England Cornwall St Stephen-in-Brannel Melbur ⓘ Melbur China Clay Pit	Golley et al. (1995)
County Durham Healeyfield ⓘ Castleside Smelting Mill slag locality	Norman Wilson personal collection
Dorset North Dorset Cann ⓘ Church Farm Boreholes	Bloodworth (1990)
Northern Ireland County Antrim Cushendall ⓘ Tievebulliagh	Agrell et al. (1958) +1 other reference
Larne ⓘ Glynn (Glynn Hill)	Ryback et al. (1988)
Portrush ⓘ Craigahulliar Quarry	Day (1999)
Scotland Outer Hebrides ⓘ Rockall Island	Sabine (1960) +3 other references
ⓘ Apex Ridge	Young et al. (1978)

Ukraine
Zakarpattia Oblast Khust Raion ⓘ Sokyrnytsya deposit	Melnikov et al. (2006)
Zhytomyr Oblast Zhytomyr Raion ⓘ Khoroshiv Raion (Volodarsk-Volynskii)	Lyckberg et al. (2009)

USA
Alabama Clarke County ⓘ Campbell Mountain	Dean (1995)
Lowndes County ⓘ Sandy Ridge	Dean (1995)
Arizona Cochise County Chiricahua Mountains California Mining District (Chiricahua Mining District) ⓘ Flys Peak (Fly Peak)	Mary Luetcke
ⓘ Rustler Park	Luetcke (n.d.)
Coconino County Meteor Crater area ⓘ Canyon Diablo meteorite	Space Science Reviews
Mohave County Cerbat Mountains Wallapai Mining District ⓘ Kingman Feldspar Mine (Kingman Feldspar Quarry)	Dr. Robert Housley
ⓘ Klaner and Doolin pits	MRDS file #10056434.
Pima County ⓘ Roskruge Mountains	Galbraith et al. (1959) +1 other reference
Arkansas Garland County Wilson Springs (Potash Sulfur Springs) Union Carbide Mine ⓘ East Wilson pit	Howard +1 other reference
ⓘ T pit	Howard +1 other reference
California Contra Costa County Clayton Mount Diablo (Mt Diablo) ⓘ Mount Diablo Mine	White (1967) +2 other references
Imperial County Salton Sea ⓘ Cormorant Island	Rogers (1925) +5 other references
Inyo County ⓘ Coso Hot Springs	Russ Rizzo Collection
ⓘ Coso Hot Springs deposit ?	Russ Rizzo Collection
Lake Tecopa Basin ⓘ Lake Tecopa Zeolite deposit	Starkey et al. (1979) +1 other reference
Rose Valley ⓘ Little Lake	Charles Creekmur collection
Sugarloaf Mountain ⓘ Obsidian Ridge (Little Lake Perlite deposits; Desert Materials Corp. deposit)	Rock Currier collection +2 other references
ⓘ Unnamed lava flow [1]	Pemberton (1983)
Kern County ⓘ Temblor Range	Murata et al. (1975) +2 other references
Lake County Sulphur Creek Mining District (Sulfur Creek Mining District; Wilbur Springs Mining District) Clear Lake Oaks ⓘ Sulphur Bank Mine (Sulfur Bank Mine; Sulphur Bank deposits)	White (1962) +4 other references
Los Angeles County Agoura Hills ⓘ Chumash Park	M.Chorazewicz collection
ⓘ Kanan Road roadcut No. 3 ?	Brighton Alfred Collection.
ⓘ Ladyface 2	R. Housley
ⓘ Lobo Canyon	R. Housley
ⓘ Reyes Adobe Road and Route 101 intersection area	Rader (1998)
Lang ⓘ Tick Canyon	mineralsocal.org
Palmdale Hunt Canyon ⓘ Unnamed Zeolite occurrence	Pemberton et al. (1968) +2 other references
Mariposa County Yosemite National Park Mount Hoffman ⓘ Summit of Mount Hoffman	Powers (1932) +3 other references
Mono County ⓘ Little Antelope Valley	Cleveland (1962) +1 other reference
Long Valley Mining District Casa Diablo Hot Springs ⓘ Unnamed Cristobalite occurrence (1)	Rogers (1928) +3 other references
Mono Craters ⓘ Southern Coulee	Loney (1968) +2 other references
Napa County East Mayacmas Mining District Pope Valley ⓘ Valley Mine (Lidell Mine)	White (1967) +2 other references
Nevada County Truckee Donner Lake ⓘ Unspecified Cristobalite occurrence [1]	Murdoch (1966)
Plumas County ⓘ Drakesbad	Rogers (1933) +1 other reference
Two Rivers ⓘ Unnamed Cristobalite occurrence [1]	Murdoch (1942) +1 other reference
Riverside County Indio ⓘ Unspecified fulgurite occurrences [1]	Rogers (1946) +1 other reference
Jurupa Valley Crestmore ⓘ Crestmore quarries	[micromounts@yahoogroups.com]
San Bernardino County Lavic ⓘ Big Reef Mines	Hewett (1964) +2 other references
San Diego County Carlsbad ⓘ Calavera Quarry (G. M. Kelly Quarry)	Marek Chorazewicz (2025)
San Luis Obispo County ⓘ Cholame	Murata K.J. et al. (1979) +2 other references
Santa Barbara County Lompoc ⓘ Unnamed Diatomite deposit [13]	Henderson (1971) +1 other reference
Santa Clara County Black Wonder Mining District Sugarloaf Mountain ⓘ Mount Hamilton Melanophlogite locality	Cooper et al. (1972) +2 other references
ⓘ Pennsylvania Mine	www.mineralsocal.org (1999)
Shasta County Lassen Volcanic National Park ⓘ Lassen Peak	Robert G. Lee et al. (2005)
Shingletown Black Butte ⓘ Unnamed Cristobalite occurrence [1]	Murdoch (1966)
Siskiyou County Cougar Butte ⓘ Cougar Butte occurrence (Canyon Butte; Couger Butte)	Murdoch (1966) +3 other references
ⓘ Unnamed Obsidian occurrence [1]	Murdoch et al. (1966) +2 other references
ⓘ Lava Beds National Monument	Rogers et al. (1991)
ⓘ Shasta Springs	Murdoch (1966)
Sonoma County Coast Range Warm Springs Dam Skaggs Springs ⓘ Skaggs Springs Mine	White (1967) +2 other references
Tehama County Bend ⓘ Tuscan Springs (Tuscan Mineral Springs; Lick Springs)	Rogers (1918) +1 other reference
Trinity County Klamath Mountains Hyampom ⓘ Unnamed Phosphate occurrence [1]	Lydon (1964) +3 other references
Tuolumne County Jamestown District Jamestown ⓘ Unspecified occurrences near Jamestown	Rogers (1918) +4 other references
Colorado Chaffee County ⓘ Bald Mountain	Eckel et al. (1997)
Nathrop ⓘ Ruby Mountain	Eckel et al. (1997)
Conejos County Manassa ⓘ King Turquoise Mine	Eckel et al. (1997)
Grand County Grand Lake Mining District (Wolverine Mining District) ⓘ Rhyolite flow	Eckel et al. (1997)
Kit Carson County ⓘ Bethune meteorite	Mason (1966)
Mineral County Creede Mining District ⓘ Bachelor Mountain rhyolite	Eckel et al. (1997)
ⓘ Red Mountain Mining District	Eckel et al. (1997)
Rio Grande County Jasper ⓘ Marble Mountain Deposit	- (2005)
ⓘ Summitville Mining District (Summit Mining District)	Eckel et al. (1997)
Florida Polk County Central Florida Phosphate Mining District (Bone Valley) Homeland ⓘ Clear Spring Mine	Denicourt
Georgia Bibb County ⓘ Pikes Peak Fuller's Earth	- (2005)
ⓘ Guam	John T. Stark (1963)
Hawaii Hawaii County Kilauea Volcano East Rift Zone ⓘ SOH-1 borehole	Bargar et al. (1996)
ⓘ SOH-4 borehole	Bargar et al. (1996)
ⓘ Halemaumau crater	Dunham (1933)
ⓘ South Sulfur Bank	Bishop et al. (2024)
Honolulu County Oahu Island Koolau Range (Koolau caldera) Kailua ⓘ Keolu Hills	Fujishima et al. (1977)
Maui County Maui Island Lahaina Ukumehame valley ⓘ Boulder dumps	in the collection of Christof Schäfer
Idaho Clark County Dubois ⓘ Highway 22 Road Cut	Visited by and collected by Kim Strange +1 other reference
Kansas Washington County ⓘ Farmington meteorite	New York +5 other references
Kentucky ⓘ Fulton County	Olive et al. (1969)
Massachusetts Franklin County Rowe ⓘ Davis Pyrite Mine	Cerato
Mississippi Tippah County ⓘ Fuller's Earth; Ripley; Mississippi	- (2005)
ⓘ Fullers Earth; Blue Mountain; Mississippi	- (2005)
Missouri Camden County ⓘ Decaturville crater	Sherwood et al. (1998)
Montana Park County Horseshoe District ⓘ Hidden Lake	Paula Piilonen Collection
Nebraska Cass County Eagle ⓘ Eagle meteorite	Mészárosová (2018)
Nevada Churchill County Wild Horse Mining District Shoshone Creek Canyon ⓘ Red Bird Mine	Castor et al. (2004)
Esmeralda County Montezuma Mining District ⓘ Earth Sciences Montezuma Deposit	- (2005)
Eureka County Beowawe Mining District ⓘ Ginn 1-13 well	Cole et al. (1984)
Buckhorn Mining District ⓘ West Sinter Deposit	- (2005)
ⓘ Palisade Canyon	Castor et al. (2004)
Humboldt County Awakening Mining District ⓘ Sleeper mine	- (2005)
ⓘ High Hopes Mine	- (2005)
ⓘ McDermitt Caldera Center	Castor et al. (2004)
Opalite Mining District ⓘ McDermitt Mine	Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ...
Sulphur Mining District ⓘ Peterson Pit	- (2005)
Sulphur ⓘ Devils Corral Mine (East China pit; Devil's Corral pit; Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology sample sites 2704; 2705; 2706)	- (2005)
ⓘ Virgin Valley	Castor et al. (2004)
Lander County ⓘ Izenhood Mining District	Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. +1 other reference
Lincoln County Pioche Mining District ⓘ Caselton mine (No. 2 mine of Consolidated Reduction Co.)	Whitman (2023)
Mineral County Borealis Mining District ⓘ Powell Canyon	Castor et al. (2004)
Nye County Paradise Peak Mining District ⓘ Ketchup Flat deposit	Sillitoe et al. (1994)
Paradise Peak [summit] Paradise Peak [town] ⓘ Paradise Peak Mine (Goose Mine; Granny Goose; Paradise; FMC deposit; NBMG Sample Sites 1472 - 1473; Goose claims; Gabbs Mine; Nody prospect; Finger Rock prospect; County Line; Ketchup Flat; Paradise Peak project; Sullivan/Paradise Peak)	Sillitoe et al. (1994)
ⓘ Silent Canyon volcanic center	Noble et al. (1968)
ⓘ Yucca Mountain	CONF-910435-37 +2 other references
Pershing County Antelope Mining District Lovelock ⓘ Unnamed Zeolite deposit [1]	Castor et al. (2004)
ⓘ Mercury-Silicon Mine	- (2005)
Rabbit Hole Mining District ⓘ Rosebud Canyon clay deposit	- (2005)
Willard Mining District ⓘ Sec. 2 clay deposit	- (2005)
ⓘ Sec. 6 clay deposit	- (2005)
ⓘ Sec. 8 East clay deposit	- (2005)
ⓘ Sec. 8 West clay deposit	- (2005)
Storey County ⓘ Comstock Mining District	Castor et al. (2004)
Washoe County Pyramid Mining District ⓘ Red Bluff mine	Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... +2 other references
Steamboat Springs Mining District ⓘ Faith clay pit	Castor et al. (2004)
ⓘ Steamboat Springs mine (silica pit)	NBMG Bull 70 Geology and Mineral ... +2 other references
White Pine County Robinson Mining District Ely ⓘ Garnet Hill	Castor et al. (2004)
New Jersey Middlesex County ⓘ South Amboy Borough	AmMin 10:152-155
New Mexico Bernalillo County ⓘ Cerro Colorado	Northrop et al. (1996)
Catron County ⓘ Taylor Creek Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Juniper locality	NMGS 37th Field Conference
ⓘ Nugget Gulch	NMGS 37th Field Conference
Sawmill Creek ⓘ Unnamed prospects	NMGS 37th Field Conference
Wilcox Mining District Haystack Mtn. area ⓘ Lone Star Mine	NMGS 37th Field Conference
Cibola County ⓘ East Grants Ridge Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ El Malpais National Monument	Rogers (1991, August)
Doña Ana County Las Cruces ⓘ Calle Jitas Blvd Chert Occurrences	Brighton Alfred Collection.
ⓘ Unnamed Chert Occurrence No.1	B.A. Collection.
Grant County ⓘ Santa Rita Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Los Alamos County	Northrop et al. (1996)
Rio Arriba County ⓘ San Antonio Peak	Northrop et al. (1996)
Sandoval County ⓘ Jemez Springs District	Northrop et al. (1996)
Jemez Sulfur District ⓘ Battleship Rock	Northrop et al. (1996)
Valle Grande ⓘ San Antonio Creek	Northrop et al. (1996)
Sierra County ⓘ 74 Draw deposits	NMGS 37th Field Conference
ⓘ Black Range	Maxwell et al. (1986)
ⓘ Black Range Wilderness Alunite Deposit	- (2005)
ⓘ Kline Mountain	Isik et al. (1994)
ⓘ Taylor Creek Tin Mining District (Black Range Tin District)	Northrop et al. (1996)
Socorro County ⓘ Magdalena Mining District ?	Northrop et al. (1996)
Taos County No Agua Mining District ⓘ Brushy Mountain	Ramon DeMark and Jessie Kline
ⓘ Tres Piedras area	Northrop et al. (1996)
New York Hamilton County North River ⓘ Hooper Mine	Walter et al. (1999)
Warren County Bullhead Mountain Thirteenth Lake ⓘ North River Garnet Company Mine	Walter et al. (1999)
Johnsburg ⓘ Barton Garnet Mines (Gore Mountain mine; Ruby Mountain mine)	Darling +2 other references
Northern Mariana Islands ⓘ West Rota Caldera	Leybourne et al. (2026)
Oregon Deschutes County Newberry National Volcanic Monument ⓘ Newberry Caldera	Bargar et al. (1986) +1 other reference
Douglas County ⓘ Lemolo Lake	"Dan Costian" Collection
ⓘ Lemolo Lake Quarry	Micro Probe Volume X Number 2
Harney County Pueblo Mining District (Denio Mining District) ⓘ Pike Creek Carnotite Group (Kiska; Luck Canyon; Carnotite Group)	Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ...
Hood River County ⓘ Pucci drillhole	Marshall W. Gannett and Keith E. Bargar +1 other reference
Klamath County ⓘ Summit Rock	Kleck (1970)
Malheur County Opalite Mining District (McDermitt Mining District) ⓘ Aurora Uranium Prospect	Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ...
ⓘ Sheaville Zeolite Occurrence	- (2005)
Marion County Santiam Mining District (Elkhorn Mining District) Breitenbush-Austin Hot Springs area ⓘ Cinnabar Occurrence	Bargar et al. (1997)
ⓘ CTGH-1 well	Bargar et al. (1997)
ⓘ SUNEDCO 58-28 well	Bargar et al. (1997)
Pennsylvania Chester County Warwick Township Warwick (Saint Marys) Hopewell Mines ⓘ Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site slag locality	Piatak et al. (2012)
ⓘ San Juan Mountains	Eckel et al. (1997)
South Dakota Oglala Lakota County ⓘ Chadron Arch	R. Stach and J. Harkensen (1974)
Yankton County ⓘ Pierre Shale	Roberts et al. (1965)
Tennessee ⓘ Hardeman County	- (2010)
ⓘ Obion County	Olive et al. (1969)
Texas Brewster County ⓘ Central part	Smith (1991)
Jeff Davis County Davis Mountains ⓘ Medley's White Mountain	Smith (1991)
Karnes County Karnes Uranium Mining District ⓘ Brysch Mine	Dickinson et al. (1976)
Presidio County ⓘ Casa Piedra deposit	- (2005)
Utah Beaver County Roosevelt Hot Springs Mining District ⓘ Obsidian occurrence	Rick Dalrymple
Juab County ⓘ Thomas Range	R&M 73:3 p196-201
Spor Mountain Mining District ⓘ Brush Wellman Mine	Montoya et al. (1962)
Millard County Black Rock Desert ⓘ Black Spring	R&M 68:6 p381-393
Piute County ⓘ Marysvale Mining District	Bullock (1981)
Virginia Highland County Monterey ⓘ Highway 220 roadcut	Dietrich (1990)
Prince William County Manassas ⓘ Vulcan Materials Company Crushed Stone Quarry (Manassas Quarry)	Dietrich (1990)
Washington Grant County Coulee City ⓘ State Route 17 road cut [1]	Doug Schonewald Collection +1 other reference
ⓘ Mount Rainier National Park	Rye et al. (2003)
Skagit County ⓘ Walker Valley	Mustoe et al. (1996)
ⓘ Spokane County	Speckels (1965)
ⓘ Spokane	Cannon (1975)
Whatcom County Mount Baker Mining District Mount Baker ⓘ Sherman Crater	Frank (1983)
Wisconsin Dodge County Iron Ridge Mining District (Neda Iron Mining District) ⓘ Iron Ridge Mines	Hawley (1934)
Wyoming Campbell County Reno Junction ⓘ Durham Ranch paralava occurrence	Gunnar Färber - Mineralienliste 3-2017.
Johnson County Buffalo ⓘ Healy Coal seam	AmMin 72:137
ⓘ Yellowstone National Park	AmMin 24:485 +1 other reference

Uzbekistan
Sirdaryo ⓘ Navbakhor Clay deposit	Mirzaev et al. (2004)

Yemen
Dhamar Governorate ⓘ Mareya	Ali M. Al-Hawbani and Abubakr F. Maky (2018)
Hadhramaut Governorate ⓘ Kaidun meteorite	Zolensky et al. (2003)

Mars
Aeolis quadrangle Gale Crater Aeolis Mons (Mount Sharp) ⓘ Lower Mt. Sharp	Milliken et al. (2016)
ⓘ Marias Pass	Morris et al. (2016)
ⓘ Pahrump Hills	www.nasa.gov (2015)
ⓘ Buckskin	Morrison et al. (2024)
ⓘ Telegraph Peak	Morrison et al. (2024)
ⓘ Murray Formation	Jackson et al. (2016)

The Moon
Descartes Highlands ⓘ Apollo 16 landing site	Walker et al. (1973)
Fra Mauro Highlands ⓘ Fra Mauro Base (Apollo 14 landing site)
Mare Imbrium Palus Putredinis ⓘ Apollo 15 landing site area	Kaneko et al. (2015)
ⓘ Mare Tranquillitatis (Sea of Tranquility)	Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta: 34 (1)
ⓘ Tranquillity Base (Apollo 11 landing site)	Vol.2: Chemical Isotope Analyses +2 other references
Oceanus Procellarum (Ocean of Storms) ⓘ Statio Tianchuan	Shen (n.d.) +2 other references
Taurus-Littrow Valley ⓘ Apollo 17 landing site	Longhi et al. (1974) +1 other reference

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Cristobalite

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