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Renzi government

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Renzi government

63rd Cabinet of Italy
Date formed22 February 2014 (2014-02-22)
Date dissolved12 December 2016 (2016-12-12) (1,025 days)
People and organisations
Head of state
Giorgio Napolitano
Sergio Mattarella
Head of government
Matteo Renzi
No. of ministers
17 (incl. Prime Minister)
Ministers removed
4 resigned
Total no. of members
21 (incl. Prime Minister)
Member parties
PD, NCD, UdC, SC
Status in legislature
Majority (coalition)
Opposition parties
M5S, FI, LN, SEL, FdI
History
Legislature termXVII Legislature (2013–2018)
PredecessorLetta government
SuccessorGentiloni government

The Renzi government was the 63rd government of the Italian Republic, in office from February 2014 to December 2016. It was led by Matteo Renzi, secretary and leader of the centre-left Democratic Party (PD).[1] The government was made of members of the PD together with the New Centre-Right (NCD), the Union of the Centre (UdC), Civic Choice (SC), the Populars for Italy (PpI, until June 2015), Solidary Democracy (DemoS since July 2014), the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Democratic Centre (CD, since October 2015), and non-party independents.[2]

At its formation, the Renzi government was the youngest government of Italy to date, with an average age of forty-seven,[3] and the youngest-ever prime minister.[4] It was also the first Italian government in which the number of female ministers was equal to the number of male ministers, not including the prime minister;[5][6] that later changed, as eventually three female ministers resigned, each replaced by a male minister. On 19 April 2016, the Senate rejected two motions of no confidence against the government following the Tempa Rossa scandal; the first one (entered by the Five Star Movement) was defeated with a 96–183 votes, while the second one (entered by Forza Italia, Northern League, and Conservative and Reformists) was defeated with a 93–180 vote.[7]

History

[edit]
Renzi's government during the oath.

At a meeting on 13 February 2014, following tensions between Prime Minister Enrico Letta and PD Secretary Matteo Renzi, the Democratic Party leadership voted heavily in favour of Renzi's call for "a new government, a new phase and a radical programme of reform". Minutes after the Party backed the Renzi proposal by 136 votes to 16, with two abstentions, Palazzo Chigi – the official residence of the Prime Minister – announced that Letta would travel to the Quirinale the following day to tender his resignation to President Giorgio Napolitano.[8]

In an earlier speech, Renzi had paid tribute to Letta, saying that he did not intend to put him "on trial". But, without directly proposing himself as the next Prime Minister, he said the Eurozone's third-largest economy urgently needed "a new phase" and "radical programme" to push through badly needed reforms. The motion he put forward made clear "the necessity and urgency of opening a new phase with a new executive". Speaking privately to party leaders, Renzi said that Italy was "at a crossroads" and faced either holding fresh elections or a new government without a return to the polls.[9] On 14 February, President Napolitano accepted Letta's resignation from the office of Prime Minister.[10]

Following Letta's resignation, Renzi formally received the task of forming a new government from President Napolitano on 17 February.[11] Renzi held several days of talks with party leaders, all of which he broadcast live on the internet, before unveiling his government on 21 February, which contained members of his Democratic Party, the New Centre-Right, the Union of the Centre and Civic Choice. His government became Italy's youngest government to date, with an average age of 47.[12] It was also the first in which the number of female ministers was equal to the number of male ministers, excluding the Prime Minister.[5][13]

The following day Renzi was formally sworn in as prime minister, becoming the youngest prime minister in the history of Italy.[14] His rise to become prime minister was widely seen as a sign of much-needed generational change, and at the time he took office he enjoyed by far the highest approval rating of any politician in the country.[15] On 25 February Renzi won a vote of confidence in the Italian Parliament, with 169 votes in the Senate and 378 in the Chamber of Deputies.[16] On 20 March, Prime Minister Renzi became ad interim Minister of Infrastructure and Transport after the resignation of Maurizio Lupi, due to a corruption scandal involving public works on infrastructure, in which his name was cited several times.[17] Renzi held the office until 2 April, when Graziano Delrio was appointed as the new minister.[18]

Investiture votes

[edit]
24–25 February 2014
Investiture votes for Renzi Cabinet
House of Parliament Vote Parties Votes
Senate of the Republic[19]
(Voting: 308[a] of 320,
Majority: 155)		 check YesPD (107), NCD (31), PSI-SVP (11), PI (11), SC (8), GAL–UDC (1)
169 / 308
X mark NoFI (58), M5S (49), LN (14), GAL–UDC (10), Others (8)
139 / 308
AbstentionNone
0 / 308
Chamber of Deputies[20]
(Voting: 599[b] of 629,
Majority: 300)		 check YesPD (290), NCD (29), SC (22), DemoS–CD (17), LN (1), Others (19)
378 / 599
X mark NoM5S (98), FI (61), SEL (34), LN (18), FdI (7), Others (2)
220 / 599
AbstentionOthers (1)
1 / 599
  1. ↑ Absent (7): FI (2), M5S (1), PI (1), Others (3)
    On institutional leave (4): LN (1), Aut (1), Others (2)
    President (1)
  2. ↑ Absent (27): M5S (6), FI (6), CeI (5), PD (3), FdI (2), DemoS–CD (2), LN (1), SI–SEL–P (1), Others (1)
    On institutional leave (3): M5S (2), SI–SEL–P (1)

Domestic policy

[edit]

Nazareno Pact

[edit]

On 18 January 2014, four days before becoming prime minister, Matteo Renzi signed a political agreement (called Patto del Nazareno) with Silvio Berlusconi, in order to implement reforms such as the new electoral law and the transformation of the Senate of the Republic into the Chamber of Autonomies, making parliament an imperfect bicameral system.[21][22]

Jobs Act

[edit]

On economic matters, the government committed to improving the labor market flexibility through the Jobs Act, which consisted of various reforms.[23][24] These included a modification of Workers' Statue's Article 18, limiting cases of reinstatement following unfair dismissal (restricting it solely to cases of discrimination) and replacing it with financial compensation;[25] the introduction of Naspi ("new social insurance benefit for employment"),[26] which, in case of failure to appear to the employment centers, is reduced and subsequently revoked;[27] reduction in the duration of unemployment benefits from four to two years (three for specific types of contracts), accompanied by higher contribution requirements for the company utilizing it;[28] incentives for hiring workers with disabilities, and immediate closure of the business, not in the event of undeclared work anymore, but only if, once discovered, the worker is not formally hired.[29]

Civil unions

[edit]

In October 2014, Renzi announced his intention to introduce a civil union law exclusively for same-sex couples, modeled on the German one,[30] that would not be fully equivalent to marriage and would exclude the possibility of adoption (with the exception of stepchild adoption), and assisted reproduction.[31] The NCD, in addition to the things that were already excluded from the proposal,[32][33] also opposed stepchild adoption.[34] The government did not present its own text, and the bill, proposed on 6 October 2015,[35] was primarily drafted by MP Monica Cirinnà,[31] which was rapporteur for unified texts on various bills concerning civil unions.[36][37][38] The "Cirinnà Law", from which the duty of fidelity and stepchild adoption were removed,[39] was finally approved by the Senate on 25 February 2016,[40][41] and by the Chamber of Deputies on 11 May.[42][43]

Electoral law

[edit]

Alongside the attempt to modify the Constitution, the government proposed a new electoral law (also with the support of Forza Italia and Berlusconi),[44][45] called Italicum, to regulate elections for the Chamber of Deputies (given that the Senate would have become an indirect-elected body under the constitutional reforms awaiting approval). The law, finally approved on 4 May 2015, was based on proportional representation (with a 3% electoral threshold), featuring 100 multi-member constituencies with open lists and a majority bonus for any party exceeding 40% of the vote; if no party surpassed the 40%, a runoff election would have been held between the two largest parties to determine which would secure the majority bonus.[46]

RAI Reform

[edit]

The Chamber, on 21 October 2025 (and then the Senate on 22 December) approved the reform of RAI,[47] thanks to which: the Ministry of the Economy selects the CEO (who will decide on appointments of directors of television networks, channels, and news outlets, and on contracts worth up to 10 million euros); Rai will have preferential access when it comes to the acquisition, production, or co-production of television programs; the RAI Board of Directors has been restructured, reducing the number of its members from 9 (with 7 elected by the parliamentary Supervisory Commission, with 4 from majority and 3 to the opposition, and 2, including the president, by the Ministry of the Economy)[48] to 7 (2 chosen by the Chamber of Deputies, 2 by the Senate, 2 by the government, and 1 by the assembly of RAI employees). Furthermore, with the inclusion of the RAI license fee in electricity bills, it was estimated that this would recover 420 million euros per year (against approximately 600 million in unpaid fees).[49]

2016 constitutional referendum

[edit]

On March 4, 2026, Renzi's government held a constitutional referendum where voters were asked whether they approved a constitutional law that would have modified many aspects of the Constitution,[50][51][52] in particular 47 articles[53][54] (initially 49)[55] out of 139:

  • The Senate would have become representative of the regions and autonomous provinces, not subject to dissolution, whose vote would have been required only for specific matters (though it could have been overridden by a second vote in the Chamber), and without the authority to grant a vote of confidence to the government or pass motions of no confidence against it;
  • A "Statute of the Oppositions" in parliament would have been created;
  • The number of signatures required to submit a popular legislative proposal would have increased from 50,000 to 150,000;
  • If 800,000 signatures were collected for a referendum, the quorum would have not been 50% of the population, but rather half of the number of people who voted in the last election; furthermore, referendums initiated by citizens to propose new laws would have been introduced;
  • The Government could have asked the Chamber to designate a bill as a priority, in order to reach a final vote within a maximum of 70 days;
  • Regarding the election of the President of the Republic, who is chosen by two-thirds of Parliament, the option to elect them by an absolute majority after the third ballot would have been eliminated; instead, it would have been needed three-fifths of the votes of the entire assembly (from the fourth ballot onwards), or three-fifths of those voting from the seventh ballot onwards.
  • Abolition of "concurrent competences" between the state and the regions, in favor of the state, excluding the "regioni a statuto speciale" (Sicily, Sardinia, Aosta Valley, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Friuli-Venezia Giulia);
  • The 5 judges (out of 15) of the High Council of the Judiciary elected by Parliament would be divided into 3 elected by the Chamber and 2 by the Senate.
  • The National Council for Economics and Labour (CNEL) and the provinces would have been abolished.[56][57][58][59]

The "No" vote prevailed with 59%, prompting Renzi to resign as prime minister.[60]

Criticism and controversies

[edit]

Jobs Act

[edit]

In the years following its implementation, the Constitutional Court struck down certain parts of the Jobs Act as unconstitutional, such as: the fact that the compensation owed to the worker in case of unfair dismissal depended on how much time they worked in that company,[61][62] including cases of formal or procedural defects;[63][64] the fact that reinstatement applies only to workers whose case is "expressly" (word removed) provided for by law;[65][66] the fact that a worker could be dismissed for objective economic reasons based on a material fact that did not actually exist;[67][68] and the limit of six months' pay due to a unfairly dismissed worker.[69][70]

Party breakdown

[edit]

Beginning of term

[edit]

Ministers

[edit]
10
3
1
1
2

Ministers and other members

[edit]

End of term

[edit]

Ministers

[edit]
11
3
1
2

Ministers and other members

[edit]

Geographical breakdown

[edit]

Beginning of term

[edit]

Final breakdown

[edit]

Council of Ministers

[edit]
Office Name Party Term
Prime Minister Matteo Renzi PD 2014–2016
Minister of Foreign Affairs Federica Mogherini PD 2014
Paolo Gentiloni PD 2014–2016
Minister of the Interior Angelino Alfano NCD 2014–2016
Minister of Justice Andrea Orlando PD 2014–2016
Minister of Defence Roberta Pinotti PD 2014–2016
Minister of Economy and Finance Pier Carlo Padoan Ind. 2014–2016
Minister of Economic Development Federica Guidi Ind. 2014–2016
Matteo Renzi (ad interim) PD 2016
Carlo Calenda Ind. 2016
Minister of Infrastructure and Transport Maurizio Lupi NCD 2014–2015
Matteo Renzi (ad interim) PD 2015
Graziano Delrio PD 2015–2016
Minister of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies Maurizio Martina PD 2014–2016
Minister of the Environment Gian Luca Galletti UDC / CpI 2014–2016
Minister of Labour and Social Policies Giuliano Poletti Ind. 2014–2016
Minister of Education, University and Research Stefania Giannini SC / PD 2014–2016
Minister of Culture and Tourism Dario Franceschini PD 2014–2016
Minister of Health Beatrice Lorenzin NCD 2014–2016
Minister of Constitutional Reforms
and Parliamentary Relations		 Maria Elena Boschi PD 2014–2016
Minister of Public Administration Marianna Madia PD 2014–2016
Minister of Regional Affairs Maria Carmela Lanzetta PD 2014–2015
Enrico Costa NCD 2015–2016
Secretary of the Council of Ministers Graziano Delrio PD 2014–2015
Claudio De Vincenti PD 2015–2016

Composition

[edit]
Office Portrait Name Term of office Party
Prime Minister Matteo Renzi 22 February 2014 – 12 December 2016 Democratic Party
Undersecretaries
Minister of Foreign Affairs Federica Mogherini 22 February 2014 – 31 October 2014[a] Democratic Party
Paolo Gentiloni 31 October 2014 – 12 December 2016 Democratic Party
Deputy Minister
Undersecretaries
Minister of the Interior Angelino Alfano 22 February 2014 – 12 December 2016 New Centre-Right
Deputy Minister
Undersecretaries
Minister of Justice Andrea Orlando 22 February 2014 – 12 December 2016 Democratic Party
Undersecretaries
Minister of Defence Roberta Pinotti 22 February 2014 – 12 December 2016 Democratic Party
Undersecretaries
Minister of Economy and Finance Pier Carlo Padoan 22 February 2014 – 12 December 2016 Independent
Deputy Ministers
Undersecretaries
Minister of Economic Development Federica Guidi 22 February 2014 – 5 April 2016[b] Independent
Matteo Renzi
(Acting)		 5 April 2016 – 10 May 2016 Democratic Party
Carlo Calenda 10 May 2016 – 12 December 2016 Independent
Deputy Ministers
Undersecretaries
Minister of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies Maurizio Martina 22 February 2014 – 12 December 2016 Democratic Party
Deputy Minister
Undersecretary
Minister of the Environment Gian Luca Galletti 22 February 2014 – 12 December 2016 Union of the Centre
Undersecretaries
Minister of Infrastructure and Transport Maurizio Lupi 22 February 2014 – 20 March 2015[c] New Centre-Right
Matteo Renzi
(Acting)		 20 March 2015 – 2 April 2015 Democratic Party
Graziano Delrio 2 April 2015 – 12 December 2016 Democratic Party
Deputy Minister
Undersecretaries
Minister of Labour and Social Policies Giuliano Poletti 22 February 2014 – 12 December 2016 Independent
Undersecretaries
Minister of Education, University and Research Stefania Giannini 22 February 2014 – 12 December 2016 Civic Choice
Before 5 February 2015
Democratic Party
After 5 February 2015
Undersecretaries
Minister of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism Dario Franceschini 22 February 2014 – 12 December 2016 Democratic Party
Undersecretaries
Minister of Health Beatrice Lorenzin 22 February 2014 – 12 December 2016 New Centre-Right
Undersecretary
Minister for Constitutional Reforms and Parliamentary Relations
(without portfolio)		 Maria Elena Boschi 22 February 2014 – 12 December 2016 Democratic Party
Undersecretaries
Minister of Public Administration
(without portfolio)		 Marianna Madia 22 February 2014 – 12 December 2016 Democratic Party
Undersecretary
Minister of Regional Affairs and Autonomies
(without portfolio)		 Maria Carmela Lanzetta 22 February 2014 – 26 January 2015[d] Democratic Party
Matteo Renzi
(Acting)		 26 January 2015 – 29 January 2016 Democratic Party
Enrico Costa 29 January 2016 – 12 December 2016 New Centre-Right
Undersecretary
Secretary of the Council of Ministers Graziano Delrio 22 February 2014 – 2 April 2015[e] Democratic Party
Claudio De Vincenti 10 April 2015 – 12 December 2016 Democratic Party
  1. ↑ Mogherini was appointed High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy in the Juncker Commission.
  2. ↑ Federica Guidi resigned amid allegations that she had sought to shape 2015 budget law to favour an oil project from which her partner, who was inquired, stood to benefit financially.
  3. ↑ Lupi resigned following a corruption scandal involving public works on infrastructure, in which his name was cited several times.
  4. ↑ Lanzetta accepted the appointment as regional assessor in the cabinet of Mario Oliverio, President of Calabria.
  5. ↑ Delrio sworn in as Minister of Infrastructure and Transport

Chronology

[edit]

February 2014

[edit]

On 14 February 2014, the Italian Prime Minister Enrico Letta, taking note of the approval by a large majority by the Central Committee of the Democratic Party[71] of a proposal by the Democratic Party Secretary Renzi to give life to a new government, tendered his irrevocable resignation[72][73] to the President of the Italian Republic Giorgio Napolitano, who accepted it and gave life immediately to consultations with speakers of the House of Deputies and of the Senate, as well as with delegations of MPs for each political party. The Northern League Party and the Five Star Movement decide not to take part in such consultations.[74]

On 17 February 2014, the President of the Republic assigned the task of forming a new government to the Secretary of the Democratic Party Matteo Renzi, who reserved the right to accept,[75] also informing the Speakers of both Houses. On 18 February 2014 and 19 February 2014 the Prime Minister held consultations with the parliamentary groups of both Houses of Parliament.[76] On 21 February 2014, Matteo Renzi went to the president of the Republic and communicated his decision to become prime minister, presenting a list of 16 ministers.

On 22 February 2014, Matteo Renzi and 15 ministers took the oath before the president of the Republic at the Quirinale Palace.[77] After the handover with the former Prime Minister Enrico Letta, Renzi presided over the first government meeting, in which the Ministers without portfolio were assigned their briefs and Graziano Delrio was appointed Under-Secretary of State at the Prime Minister's Office, as well as Cabinet Secretary.

On 24 February 2014, Prime Minister Renzi presented his Government's program in the Senate and, after almost 11 hours of debate, his government obtained the Senate's vote of confidence, with 169 voting in favor and 139 against. On 25 February 2014, the government also obtained the vote of confidence vote of the House of Deputies, with 378 votes in favour, 220 against and 1 abstention.

On 28 February 2014, the Italian government appointed forty four under-secretaries, who in the evening took the oath before Prime Minister Matteo Renzi.[78][better source needed]

March 2014

[edit]

On 3 March 2014, after several days of controversy, the new Under Secretary for Infrastructures and Transports, Antonio Gentile tendered his resignation.

On 12 March 2014, after two days of voting, the Chamber of Deputies approved in first reading the new electoral law Italicum with 365 votes in favour, 156 against and 40 abstentions. A number of controversies surrounded the failure to introduce preferential votes favouring gender equality.

On 12 March 2014, the Italian government issued a law- decree on fixed-term contracts, called the Poletti Decree, as well as a Bill proposing a reform on the Italian labor market called "Jobs Act"[79] A reduction in the tax burden of about €80 was announced for those earning less than 1500 Euros per month.

On 26 March 2014, despite the controversy raised by several parties belonging to the majority coalition, the government won a confidence vote in the Senate on the Delrio Bill reforming the provinces, with 160 voting in favour and 133 against. Subsequently, the Chamber of Deputies approved the Bill on 3 April 2014.

April 2014

[edit]

On 18 April 2014, the Italian government approved a law-decree which provided for the reduction of Income Tax for employees and assimilated workers earning up to €24,000 gross per year. The net monthly salary was foreseen to increase by €80, through a tax credit from the month of May 2014.

On 30 April 2014, Matteo Renzi, together with the Minister for the Public Administration Marianna Madia, presented the guidelines for the reform of the Public Administration, subsequently approved by the government on 13 June 2014.

May 2014

[edit]

On 6 May 2014, the Constitutional Affairs Committee of the Senate approved the Government's Bill on the reform of the Italian Senate.[80]

On 21 May 2014, an agreement was signed between the Government, Sardinia Region and the Qatar Foundation to bring €1 billion investment and thousands of jobs to Sardinia.

On 22 May 2014, the Italian government of Ministers approved the Law-decree on culture for the preservation of the Italian historic, artistic and cultural heritage.

On 25 May 2014, the Democratic Party, which was the main supporter of the government and was also the party of the Prime Minister Matteo Renzi, won the 2014 European elections with 40.81% of the votes.

August 2014

[edit]

On 1 August 2014, the Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi explained in a press conference the guidelines of Law-decree called "Sblocca Italia" or "Unlock Italy", which, in the intentions of the Government, is to facilitate the implementation of major projects, civil works and infrastructure that are currently suspended, as well as achieve further administrative simplification. A month of public consultations would take place in relation to such guidelines.

On 8 August 2014, the Italian government approved a law-decree contrasting the phenomenon of lawlessness and violence at sporting events and provided for the international protection of migrants.

On 8 August 2014, the Senate approved the constitutional reform proposed by the government with 183 votes in favour, and 4 abstentions.[81]

On 8 August 2014, the two Houses of Parliament approved of the decrees on Competitiveness, Public Administration and Prisons, which become law.

On 29 August 2014, the Italian government approved the "Unblock Italy" Law-Decree and Justice Reform, dividing it into a Law-Decree for the disposal of the backlog in civil proceedings, and Law-Decrees relating to the fight against organized crime and illegal assets, the civil liability of judges, the efficiency of civil trials, as well as a comprehensive reform of the judiciary and a reform of Book XI of the Italian Code of criminal Procedure.

September 2014

[edit]

On 1 September 2014, the Italian Prime Minister explained in a press conference that the site "passodopopasso.italia.it" would allow citizens to monitor the progress of the government's program.

On 3 September 2014, the "Millegiorni" website provided guidelines on the reform of the school that will be subject to consultation for two months.

October 2014

[edit]

On 8 October 2014, the Italian Senate approved the so-called Jobs Act, with 165 voting in favour and 111 against. The provision was criticized by the CGIL trade union and the Senators Felice Casson, Corradino Mineo and Lucrezia Ricchiuti, who did not take part in the vote.

On 8 October 2014, the Italian Prime Minister presented the Italian Finance Bill (or Legge di Stabilità). [82]

December 2014

[edit]

Following approval of the Jobs Act by the Italian Parliament (Delegation Law No. 183 10 December 2014), the Italian government issued on 24 December 2014, the first legislative decree concerning contracts with growing protection. [83]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Vagnoni, Giselda (22 February 2014). "Italy's Renzi sworn in as prime minister". Reuters. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  2. ↑ "Backgrounder: Italy's new cabinet lineup". Xinhua News Agency. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
  3. ↑ "Renzi: con 47, 8 anni di media, è il governo più giovane di sempre". Corriere Della Sera. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  4. ↑ "Italy swears in its youngest-ever prime minister, Matteo Renzi | DW | 22.02.2014". Deutsche Welle. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  5. 1 2 "Matteo Renzi presenta il governo: "Metà sono donne, mi gioco la faccia"". TGCOM24. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  6. ↑ "Matteo Renzi unveils a new Italian government with familiar problems". Guardian. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  7. ↑ "Senato. Renzi passa la prova della sfiducia" (in Italian). 19 April 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  8. ↑ "Letta al Quirinale, si è dimesso - Top News". ANSA.it.
  9. ↑ Lizzy Davies in Rome (13 February 2014). "Italian PM Enrico Letta to resign". The Guardian. theguardian.com. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  10. ↑ Правительственный кризис в Италии: премьер Летта ушел в отставку (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  11. ↑ "39 Year Old Matteo Renzi becomes, at 39, Youngest Italian Prime Minister". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  12. ↑ "Renzi: con 47, 8 anni di media, è il governo più giovane di sempre". Corriere Della Sera. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  13. ↑ "Matteo Renzi unveils a new Italian government with familiar problems". Guardian. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  14. ↑ "Matteo Renzi sworn in as Italy's new PM in Rome ceremony". BBC. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  15. ↑ "Sondaggi, Matteo Renzi non-fa boom" (in Italian). Giornalettismo.com. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
  16. ↑ "Renzi alla Camera: abbiamo un'unica chance Passa la fiducia con 378 sì e 220 no". Corriere della Sera. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  17. ↑ Zampano, Giada (19 March 2015). "Italian Infrastructure Minister Maurizio Lupi Will Resign". Wall Street Journal – via www.wsj.com.
  18. ↑ "Graziano Delrio ministro delle Infrastrutture, ha giurato al Quirinale". Tgcom24.
  19. ↑ "Legislatura 17ª - Aula - Resoconto stenografico della seduta n. 197 del 24/02/2014". www.senato.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  20. ↑ "XVII Legislatura - XVII Legislatura - Lavori - Resoconti Assemblea - Dettaglio sedute". www.camera.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  21. ↑ "Patto del Nazareno Renzi-Berlusconi: legge elettorale e via il Senato. Il segretario: mi gioco il tutto per tutto". la Repubblica (in Italian). 19 January 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2026.
  22. ↑ "Renzi e Berlusconi, vertice di due ore: tiene il patto sulle riforme". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 14 April 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2026.
  23. ↑ "Jobs act, cosa cambia: dal contratto a tutele crescenti ai co.co.co". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 3 December 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  24. ↑ "Jobs Act, ecco la riforma del lavoro in 5 punti | ANSA.it". www.ansa.it. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  25. ↑ "Riforme, spine e hashtag: un anno di governo Renzi in otto schede". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 17 February 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  26. ↑ "Naspi, al via il nuovo sussidio per chi ha perso il lavoro". la Repubblica (in Italian). 30 April 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  27. ↑ "Jobs act, le nuove regole". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 12 June 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  28. ↑ "Jobs act, le nuove regole". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 12 June 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  29. ↑ "Jobs act, le nuove regole". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 12 June 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  30. ↑ "Unioni civili, Renzi: "Avanti sul modello tedesco La proposta è pronta, al Senato da gennaio"". La Stampa (in Italian). 20 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  31. 1 2 "Unioni civili, Renzi rilancia: "Modello tedesco può avere i voti delle Camere"". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 25 May 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  32. ↑ "Unioni civili solo per coppie gay, è polemica. Scalfarotto: "Esigenze diverse"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 15 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  33. ↑ "Fecondazione eterologa, attacco dai vertici cattolici. E si apre il caso della nuova legge". la Repubblica (in Italian). 10 April 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  34. ↑ "Unioni gay, Maurizio Lupi: "Così non la votiamo, l'Ncd metterà il veto su adozioni e pensioni"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 16 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  35. ↑ "Unioni civili, Lupi: "Inaccettabile forzatura del Pd". Cirinnà: "Nessun passo indietro"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 7 October 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  36. ↑ "Parlamento Italiano - Disegno di legge S. 14 - 17ª Legislatura | Senato della Repubblica". www.senato.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 4 February 2026. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  37. ↑ "Legislatura 17ª - 2ª Commissione permanente - Resoconto sommario n. 102 del 08/04/2014". www.senato.it (in Italian). Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  38. ↑ "SEGRETERIA COMMISSIONE GIUSTIZIA SENATO, AUDIZIONI SUI DISEGNI DI LEGGE NN. 14 E CONNESSIONI (DISCIPLINA DELLE COPPIE DI FATTO E DELLE UNIONI CIVILI), CONTRIBUTI DEGLI AUDITI" (PDF). www.senato.it (in Italian). p. 56. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  39. ↑ "Unioni civili: Via stepchild e obbligo fedeltà, il maxiemendamento - Notizie - Ansa.it". Agenzia ANSA (in Italian). 23 February 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  40. ↑ "Senato, via libera alle Unioni civiliNcd: «Evitata azione contronatura»Ma è lite nel Pd sui voti di Verdini". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 25 February 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  41. ↑ "Legislatura 17ª - Aula - Resoconto stenografico della seduta n. 582 del 25/02/2016". www.senato.it (in Italian). Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  42. ↑ "Unioni civili, la Camera conferma la fiducia - Notizie - Ansa.it". Agenzia ANSA (in Italian). 8 May 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  43. ↑ "Votazione finale nominale n.26 del 11/5/2016 seduta n. 622 presieduta da Boldrini Laura". documenti.camera.it. Retrieved 4 October 2026.
  44. ↑ Signore, Adalberto (22 October 2014). "Berlusconi: l'Italicum non si tocca. Nuovo incontro con il premier". il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved 23 September 2026.
  45. ↑ "Il patto del Nazareno spinge l'Italicum con i 50 voti di Forza Italia". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 22 January 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2026.
  46. ↑ "LEGGE 6 maggio 2015, n. 52". www.gazzettaufficiale.it (in Italian). 6 May 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2026.
  47. ↑ "Rai. Ok della Camera alla riforma tra le proteste dell'opposizione". rainews (in Italian). 21 October 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  48. ↑ "Rai: la legge Gasparri e il nodo della governance - Notizie - Ansa.it". Agenzia ANSA (in Italian). 22 February 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  49. ↑ "Rai, la riforma è legge: cosa cambia e come". la Repubblica (in Italian). 22 December 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  50. ↑ "Gazzetta Ufficiale - TESTO LEGGE COSTITUZIONALE". www.gazzettaufficiale.it (in Italian). Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  51. ↑ "La riforma costituzionale - Schede di lettura" (PDF). Camera dei deputati (in Italian). May 2016.
  52. ↑ "La riforma costituzionale – Testo a fronte con la Costituzione vigente" (PDF). Camera dei deputati (in Italian). May 2016.
  53. ↑ "Italicum: Renzi, Pd no farà proposta, vediamo carte altri - Notizie - Ansa.it". Agenzia ANSA (in Italian). 3 October 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  54. ↑ Ascione, Marco (24 November 2016). "Referendum, i dubbi di Prodi sulla riforma e la strategia di Renzi Ma non esclude di votare Sì". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  55. ↑ "Il Senato approva in seconda lettura le riforme costituzionali". rainews (in Italian). 20 January 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  56. ↑ "Referendum costituzionale, la guida completa di Repubblica sulla riforma". la Repubblica (in Italian). 1 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  57. ↑ "Nuovo Senato, federalismo e addio alle province: la riforma della Costituzione in sei punti". rainews (in Italian). 13 April 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  58. ↑ "Referendum: cosa succede se vince il Sì o il No alla riforma costituzionale". la Repubblica (in Italian). 11 October 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  59. ↑ "Referendum costituzionale 2016: SI vs NO". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  60. ↑ Sala, Alessandro (12 April 2016). "Referendum costituzionale 2016 Il No al 60%, la riforma non passa Renzi: «Ho perso io, mi dimetto»". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 11 November 2026.
  61. ↑ "SENTENZA N. 194 ANNO 2018". www.cortecostituzionale.it. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  62. ↑ "Jobs act, incostituzionale il criterio di indennizzo per il licenziamento ingiustificato. Bocciatura della Consulta". la Repubblica (in Italian). 26 September 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  63. ↑ "SENTENZA N. 150 ANNO 2020". www.cortecostituzionale.it. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  64. ↑ TG24, Sky (16 July 2020). "Consulta: no indennità licenziamento ancorata ad anzianità servizio". tg24.sky.it (in Italian). Retrieved 5 October 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  65. ↑ "SENTENZA N. 22 ANNO 2024". www.cortecostituzionale.it. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  66. ↑ "Licenziamenti, la Consulta estende chance di reintegro - Notizie - Ansa.it". Agenzia ANSA (in Italian). 22 February 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  67. ↑ "SENTENZA N. 128 ANNO 2024". www.cortecostituzionale.it. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  68. ↑ "Jobs act: la Consulta amplia la tutela reintegratoria attenuata". ntplusdiritto.ilsole24ore.com (in Italian). 16 July 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  69. ↑ "SENTENZA N. 118 ANNO 2025". www.cortecostituzionale.it. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  70. ↑ "Consulta, 'licenziamenti illegittimi, pochi 6 mesi risarcimento' - Ultima ora - Ansa.it". Agenzia ANSA (in Italian). 21 July 2025. Retrieved 5 October 2026.
  71. ↑ "Apriamo una fase nuova". Partito Democratico. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  72. ↑ "il Presidente Napolitano ha ricevuto il Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri, Letta". Presidenza della Repubblica Italiana. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  73. ↑ "Enrico Letta si è dimesso". Presidenza del Consiglio dei ministri. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  74. ↑ "Salvini, Lega domani non andrà a consultazioni". Lega Nord. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  75. ↑ "Il M5S non va alle consultazioni farsa di Napolitano". Movimento 5 Stelle. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  76. ↑ "Camera, Laura Boldrini riceve Matteo Renzi". Camera dei Deputati. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  77. ↑ "Al via le consultazioni di Renzi. Ecco il calendario". ASCA. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  78. ↑ Di ritorno dall'estero, giurerà due giorni più tardi, Retrieved 8 March 2014
  79. ↑ "The Jobs Act arrives at Italian Senate". TheRword September Editorial. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  80. ↑ "The Senate Reform". TheRword October Editorial. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  81. ↑ "The Senate Reform". TheRword October Editorial. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  82. ↑ "The New Legge di Stabilità 2015". TheRword News. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  83. ↑ "A detailed explanation of the Legislative Decree on Increasing Protection Employment Contracts". TheRword Editorial. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
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