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Bismuth vanadate

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Bismuth vanadate
A fine yellow powder
Names
IUPAC name
bismuth;trioxido(oxo)vanadium
Other names
  • Bismuth orthovanadate
  • Pigment yellow 184
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.034.439 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 237-898-0
UN number 3285
  • InChI=1S/Bi.4O.V/q+3;4*-2;
    Key: HUUOUJVWIOKBMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V].[Bi+3]
Properties
BiVO4
Molar mass 323.918 g·mol−1
Appearance bright yellow solid
Odor odorless
Density 6.25 g/cm3 (20 °C (68 °F))[1]
Melting point 880–940 °C (1,620–1,720 °F; 1,150–1,210 K)[2]
insoluble
Solubility soluble in acid
2.45[citation needed]
Hazards
GHS labelling:[3]
GHS08: Health hazard
Warning
H302, H315, H319, H335
P261, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
[1]
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
0
0
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
5.15 mg/L (rat, inhalation, 4 hour)[1]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Bismuth vanadate is the inorganic compound with the formula BiVO4. It is a bright yellow solid. It is widely studied as visible light photo-catalyst with a narrow band gap of less than 2.4 eV.[4] It is a representative of "complex inorganic colored pigments," or CICPs. More specifically, bismuth vanadate is a mixed-metal oxide. Bismuth vanadate is also known under the Colour Index International as C.I. Pigment Yellow 184.[5] It occurs naturally as the rare minerals pucherite, clinobisvanite, and dreyerite.[6][7][8]

Properties

[edit]

Most commercial bismuth vanadate pigments are based on monoclinic (clinobisvanite) and tetragonal (dreyerite) structures though in the past two phase systems involving a 4:3 relationship between bismuth vanadate and bismuth molybdate (Bi2MoO6) have been used.[9]

Production

[edit]

While most CICPs are formed exclusively through high temperature calcination, bismuth vanadate can be formed from a series of pH controlled precipitation reactions. These reactions can be carried out with or without the presence of molybdenum depending on the desired final phase.[citation needed]

It is also possible to start with the parent oxides (Bi2O3 and V2O5) and perform a high temperature calcination to achieve a pure product.[citation needed]

History and uses

[edit]

Bismuth vanadate is a bright yellow powder and may have a slight green tint. When used as a pigment it has a high chroma and excellent hiding power. In nature, bismuth vanadate can be found as the mineral pucherite, clinobisvanite, and dreyerite depending on the particular polymorph formed. Its synthesis was first recorded in a pharmaceutical patent in 1924 and it began to be used commonly as a pigment in the mid-1980s. Today it is manufactured across the world for pigment use.[5]

As a photocatalyst

[edit]

BiVO4 has received attention as a photocatalyst for water splitting and for remediation.[of what?][10] In the monoclinic phase, BiVO4 is an n-type photoactive semiconductor with a bandgap of 2.4 eV, which has been investigated for water splitting after doping with W and Mo.[9] BiVO4 photoanodes have demonstrated record[quantify] solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiencies of 5.2% for flat films,[11][12] and 8.2% for WO3 in BiVO4 core-shell nanorods (highest for metal-oxide photo-electrode) with the advantage of being a relatively simple and cheap material.[compared to?][13][14][15]

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 "SDS - Bismuth vanadium oxide". www.fishersci.com. Revision 4. ThermoFisher Scientific. 24 December 2025. Retrieved 9 July 2026.
  2. ↑ "Bismuth vanadium tetraoxide Melting point / freezing point on ECHA". REACH registration data factsheet. European Chemical Agency. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
  3. ↑ "Bismuth vanadium oxide, 99.9%". www.fishersci.com. ThermoFisher Scientific. Retrieved 9 July 2026.
  4. ↑ Moniz, S. J. A.; Shevlin, S. A.; Martin, D. J.; Guo, Z.-X.; Tang, J. (2015). "Visible-light driven heterojunction photocatalysts for water splitting – a critical review. Energy & Environmental Science". Energy and Environmental Science. 8 (3): 731–759. doi:10.1039/C4EE03271C.
  5. 1 2 Buxbaum, G. (2009). "Inorganic Pigments, 3. Colored Pigments". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.n20_n02. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
  6. ↑ "Pucherite". mindat.org.
  7. ↑ "Clinobisvanite". mindat.org.
  8. ↑ "Dreyerite". mindat.org.
  9. 1 2 Kaur, G.; Pandey, O. P.; Singh, K. (July 2012). "Optical, structural, and mechanical properties of different valence-cation-doped bismuth vanadate oxides". Physica Status Solidi A. 209 (7): 1231–1238. Bibcode:2012PSSAR.209.1231K. doi:10.1002/pssa.201127636. S2CID 119875801.
  10. ↑ Tayebi, Meysam; Lee, Byeong-Kyu (2019). "Recent advances in BiVO4 semiconductor materials for hydrogen production using photoelectrochemical water splitting". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 111: 332–343. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.030. S2CID 181633505.
  11. ↑ Han, Lihao; Abdi, Fatwa F.; van de Krol, Roel; Liu, Rui; Huang, Zhuangqun; Lewerenz, Hans-Joachim; Dam, Bernard; Zeman, Miro; Smets, Arno H. M. (October 2014). "Efficient Water-Splitting Device Based on a Bismuth Vanadate Photoanode and Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells" (PDF). ChemSusChem. 7 (10): 2832–2838. Bibcode:2014ChSCh...7.2832H. doi:10.1002/cssc.201402456. PMID 25138735.
  12. ↑ Abdi, Fatwa F.; Han, Lihao; Smets, Arno H. M.; Zeman, Miro; Dam, Bernard; van de Krol, Roel (29 July 2013). "Efficient solar water splitting by enhanced charge separation in a bismuth vanadate-silicon tandem photoelectrode". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 2195. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2195A. doi:10.1038/ncomms3195. PMID 23893238.
  13. ↑ Pihosh, Yuriy; Turkevych, Ivan; Mawatari, Kazuma; Uemura, Jin; Kazoe, Yutaka; Kosar, Sonya; Makita, Kikuo; Sugaya, Takeyoshi; Matsui, Takuya; Fujita, Daisuke; Tosa, Masahiro (2015-06-08). "Photocatalytic generation of hydrogen by core-shell WO3 /BiVO4 nanorods with ultimate water splitting efficiency". Scientific Reports. 5 (1) 11141. Bibcode:2015NatSR...511141P. doi:10.1038/srep11141. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4459147. PMID 26053164.
  14. ↑ Kosar, Sonya; Pihosh, Yuriy; Turkevych, Ivan; Mawatari, Kazuma; Uemura, Jin; Kazoe, Yutaka; Makita, Kikuo; Sugaya, Takeyoshi; Matsui, Takuya; Fujita, Daisuke; Tosa, Masahiro (2016-02-25). "Tandem photovoltaic–photoelectrochemical GaAs/InGaAsP–WO3/BiVO4device for solar hydrogen generation". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 55 (4S) 04ES01. Bibcode:2016JaJAP..55dES01K. doi:10.7567/jjap.55.04es01. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 125395272.
  15. ↑ Kosar, Sonya; Pihosh, Yuriy; Bekarevich, Raman; Mitsuishi, Kazutaka; Mawatari, Kazuma; Kazoe, Yutaka; Kitamori, Takehiko; Tosa, Masahiro; Tarasov, Alexey B.; Goodilin, Eugene A.; Struk, Yaroslav M. (2019-07-01). "Highly efficient photocatalytic conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by WO3/BiVO4 core–shell heterojunction nanorods". Applied Nanoscience. 9 (5): 1017–1024. Bibcode:2019ApNan...9.1017K. doi:10.1007/s13204-018-0759-z. ISSN 2190-5517. S2CID 139703154.
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