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Schindlerite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Schindlerite
Dr, Michael Schindler
Formula:
{(NH4)4Na2(H2O)10}{V10O28}
Colour:
Orange
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine
Hardness:
2
Specific Gravity:
2.461 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Dr. Michael Schindler (b. 1966, Frankfurt, Germany), professor at University of Manitoba, Canada. He has worked extensively on the structures of vanadium minerals.
Type Locality:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
43584
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:43584:0
Classification of Schindlerite
The Decavanadate Cluster
The decavanadate cluster found in schindlerite. The same cluster is known in a number of other secondary vanadium minerals including, for example, pascoite, magnesiopascoite, and huemulite.
IMA Classification of Schindlerite
Approved
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
IMA Formula:
(N3-H4)4Na2[V5+10O28]·10H2O
Approval year:
2012
First published:
2013
Approval history:
Originally approved as a hydronium mineral (IMA 2012–063), later redefined as an ammonium-bearing decavanadate mineral (Proposal IMA 15-G).
Type description reference:
4.HC.60
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
H : V[5,6] Vanadates
C : [6]-Sorovanadates
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
H : V[5,6] Vanadates
C : [6]-Sorovanadates
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Shi | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Schindlerite
Sub-Adamantine
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Orange
Streak:
Yellow
Hardness:
2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
{010}
{010}
Density:
2.461 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Schindlerite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.74 nβ = 1.790(5) nγ = 1.875
2V:
Measured: 78° (1)
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.135
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v, very strong
Optical Extinction:
X ∧ b = 25°; Y ∧ c = 12°; Z ∧ a = 3°.
Pleochroism:
Not Visible
Comments:
α- estimated, γ - calculated
Minerals reacted with RI fluids
Minerals reacted with RI fluids
Chemistry of Schindlerite
Mindat Formula:
{(NH4)4Na2(H2O)10}{V10O28}
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Schindlerite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.5143(3) Å, b = 10.4283(5) Å, c = 11.2827(8) Å
α = 68.595(5)°, β = 87.253(6)°, γ = 67.112(5)°
α = 68.595(5)°, β = 87.253(6)°, γ = 67.112(5)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.816 : 1 : 1.082
Unit Cell V:
854.08 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Tabular on {011} and often occur in stacked parallel intergrowths. Forms observed include {100}, {010}, {001}, {110}, {011}, {111}, and {111}.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
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View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Rotation
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0019899 | Schindlerite | Kampf A R, Hughes J M, Marty J, Nash B (2013) Wernerbaurite, {[Ca(H2O)7]2(H2O)2(H3O)2}{V10O28}, and schindlerite, {[Na2(H2O)10](H3O)4}{V10O28}, the first hydronium-bearing decavanadate minerals The Canadian Mineralogist 51 297-312 | 2013 | St. Jude mine, San Miguel County, Colorado, U.S.A. | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 10.51 Å | (94) |
| 8.68 Å | (100) |
| 7.70 Å | (86) |
| 6.73 Å | (61) |
| 3.815 Å | (24) |
| 2.993 Å | (50) |
| 2.787 Å | (24) |
| 2.131 Å | (29) |
Reference:
Comments:
From Type Description.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Type Occurrence of Schindlerite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Tabular on {011} and often occur in stacked parallel intergrowths. Individual crystals are up to 0.3 mm in maximum dimension.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA, catalogue numbers 64005, 64006 and 64007.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidation of montroseite-corvusite assemblages in a moist environment.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Schindlerite
Other Language Names for Schindlerite
Dutch:Schindleriet
German:Schindlerit
Relationship of Schindlerite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Pascoite Family:
| Ammoniolasalite | [(NH4)2Mg2(H2O)20] [V10O28] | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Bluestreakite | K4Mg2(V4+2V5+8O28) · 14H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
| Burroite | Ca2(NH4)2(V10O28) · 15H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Caseyite | [(V5+O2)Al10-x(OH)20-2x(H2O)18-2x]2[H2V4+V5+9O28][V5+10O28]2(Na,K,Ca)2-y(SO4)2-z · (60+8x+y+4z)H2O (x = 0-2.5; y = 0-2; z = 0-2) | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
| Flatimerite | [Al13(OH)24(H2O)24][V5+9V4+O28] · [(SO4)4(H2O)24] | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Gunterite | Na4Ca(V10O28) · 20H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Huemulite | Na4Mg(V10O28) · 24H2O | Tric. |
| Hughesite | Na3Al(V10O28) · 22H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Hummerite | K2Mg2(V10O28) · 16H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Hydropascoite | Ca3(V10O28) · 24H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Kokinosite | Na2Ca2(V10O28) · 24H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Lasalite | Na2Mg2(V10O28) · 20H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Magnesiopascoite | Ca2Mg(V10O28) · 16H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Nashite | Na3Ca2[(V5+9V4+)O28] · 24H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Okieite | Mg3[V10O28] · 28H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Pascoite | Ca2Ca(V10O28) · 17H2O | Mon. 2 : B2 |
| Postite | Mg(H2O)6Al2(OH)2(H2O)8(V10O28) · 13H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pccn |
| Protocaseyite | [Al4(OH)6(H2O)12][V10O28] · 8H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Rakovanite | (NH4)3Na3(V10O28) · 12H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
| Trebiskyite | Na3Mg2[TiV9O28] · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
| Wernerbaurite | {(NH4)2[Ca2(H2O)14](H2O)2}{V10O28} | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 3 photos of Schindlerite associated with Corvusite | (Na,K,Ca,Mg)2(V5+,V4+,Fe2+)8O20 · 6-10H2O |
| 3 photos of Schindlerite associated with Montroseite | (V3+,Fe3+)O(OH) |
| 2 photos of Schindlerite associated with Wernerbaurite | {(NH4)2[Ca2(H2O)14](H2O)2}{V10O28} |
| 2 photos of Schindlerite associated with Burroite | Ca2(NH4)2(V10O28) · 15H2O |
| 1 photo of Schindlerite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| 1 photo of Schindlerite associated with 'Petrified Wood' | |
| 1 photo of Schindlerite associated with 'Sandstone' |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.HC. | Protocaseyite | [Al4(OH)6(H2O)12][V10O28] · 8H2O |
| 4.HC. | Ammoniolasalite | [(NH4)2Mg2(H2O)20] [V10O28] |
| 4.HC. | Beckettite | Ca2V6Al6O20 |
| 4.HC. | Flatimerite | [Al13(OH)24(H2O)24][V5+9V4+O28] · [(SO4)4(H2O)24] |
| 4.HC.05 | Pascoite | Ca2Ca(V10O28) · 17H2O |
| 4.HC.05 | Hydropascoite | Ca3(V10O28) · 24H2O |
| 4.HC.05 | Lasalite | Na2Mg2(V10O28) · 20H2O |
| 4.HC.05 | Hughesite | Na3Al(V10O28) · 22H2O |
| 4.HC.05 | Magnesiopascoite | Ca2Mg(V10O28) · 16H2O |
| 4.HC.05 | Rakovanite | (NH4)3Na3(V10O28) · 12H2O |
| 4.HC.10 | Hummerite | K2Mg2(V10O28) · 16H2O |
| 4.HC.15 | Sherwoodite | Ca5.5(AlV4+V5+12O39) · 28H2O |
| 4.HC.20 | Bluestreakite | K4Mg2(V4+2V5+8O28) · 14H2O |
| 4.HC.25 | Wernerbaurite | {(NH4)2[Ca2(H2O)14](H2O)2}{V10O28} |
| 4.HC.25 | Burroite | Ca2(NH4)2(V10O28) · 15H2O |
| 4.HC.30 | Caseyite | [(V5+O2)Al10-x(OH)20-2x(H2O)18-2x]2[H2V4+V5+9O28][V5+10O28]2(Na,K,Ca)2-y(SO4)2-z · (60+8x+y+4z)H2O (x = 0-2.5; y = 0-2; z = 0-2) |
| 4.HC.35 | Gunterite | Na4Ca(V10O28) · 20H2O |
| 4.HC.40 | Kokinosite | Na2Ca2(V10O28) · 24H2O |
| 4.HC.45 | Nashite | Na3Ca2[(V5+9V4+)O28] · 24H2O |
| 4.HC.50 | Okieite | Mg3[V10O28] · 28H2O |
| 4.HC.55 | Postite | Mg(H2O)6Al2(OH)2(H2O)8(V10O28) · 13H2O |
Other Information
IR Spectrum:
none
Notes:
Dissolves instantly in cold, dilute HCl and slowly in water
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Schindlerite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-43584.html
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References for Schindlerite
Reference List:
Kampf, A. R., Hughes, J. M., Marty, J., Nash, B. (2013) Wernerbaurite, {[Ca(H2O)7]2(H2O)2(H3O)2}{V10O28}, and schindlerite, {[Na2(H2O)10](H3O)4}{V10O28}, the first hydronium-bearing decavanadate minerals. The Canadian Mineralogist, 51 (2) 297-312 doi:10.3749/canmin.51.2.297
Kampf, Anthony R., Hughes, John M., Nash, Barbara P., Marty, Joe, Cooper, Mark A., Hawthorne, Frank C., Karpenko, Vladimir Y., Pautov, Leonid A., Agakhanov, Atali A. (2016) Revision of the formulae of wernerbaurite and schindlerite: ammonium- rather than hydronium-bearing decavanadate minerals. The Canadian Mineralogist, 54 (3) 555-558 doi:10.3749/canmin.1500081
Localities for Schindlerite
Showing 3 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
USA | |
| Tony Kampf Identification |
| Kampf et al. (2019) |
| Kampf et al. (2013) |
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Burro Mine, San Miguel County, Colorado, USA