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Stibiconite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered - questionable
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About Stibiconite
Formula:
Sb3+Sb5+2O6(OH)
Colour:
White, creamy-white, light to sulphur-yellow, orange, light brown; colourless to cloudy in transmitted light
Lustre:
Pearly, Earthy
Hardness:
5½ - 7
Specific Gravity:
3.3 - 5.5
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Named by Beudant in 1832 from the Greek "stibi", antimony, plus "konis", powder, alluding to its composition and habit.
Stibiconite was for a long time an acknowledged species, but is now questionable, in line with the revised nomenclature of the minerals of the pyrochlore supergroup (Atencio et al. 2010).
Stibiconite is not, as yet, a discredited mineral and is classified as 'Grandfathered' by the IMA. Full characterization of 'stibiconite' specimens is difficult, requiring full quantification of the oxidation states of Sb for complete characterization to determine whether it is a Sb3+ dominant romeite species or a new phase related to known synthetic phases Sb2O5 ยท 1-3H2O which have been reported to have a pyrochlore structure and contain no Sb3+ (Christy & Atencio, 2013).
Stibiconite is not, as yet, a discredited mineral and is classified as 'Grandfathered' by the IMA. Full characterization of 'stibiconite' specimens is difficult, requiring full quantification of the oxidation states of Sb for complete characterization to determine whether it is a Sb3+ dominant romeite species or a new phase related to known synthetic phases Sb2O5 ยท 1-3H2O which have been reported to have a pyrochlore structure and contain no Sb3+ (Christy & Atencio, 2013).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3776
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3776:7
IMA Classification of Stibiconite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959), Questionable
Classification of Stibiconite
4.DH.20
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
H : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
H : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
44.1.1.1
44 : ANTIMONATES
1 : A2X2O6(O,OH,F)
44 : ANTIMONATES
1 : A2X2O6(O,OH,F)
7.13.6
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
13 : Oxides of As, Sb and Bi
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
13 : Oxides of As, Sb and Bi
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Sbc | IMAโCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Stibiconite
Pearly, Earthy
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
White, creamy-white, light to sulphur-yellow, orange, light brown; colourless to cloudy in transmitted light
Hardness:
5½ - 7 on Mohs scale
Comment:
When compact
Density:
3.3 - 5.5 g/cm3 (Measured)
Chemistry of Stibiconite
Mindat Formula:
Sb3+Sb5+2O6(OH)
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Stibiconite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m(4/m32/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fd3m
Setting:
Fd3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.275(20) Å
Unit Cell V:
1,084.79 ร
ยณ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Massive, botryoidal, as crusts that may be concentrically zoned and up to several cm thick; typically powdery, compact.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.93 ร | (90) |
| 3.09 ร | (70) |
| 2.96 ร | (100) |
| 2.57 ร | (40) |
| 1.81 ร | (80) |
| 1.55 ร | (60) |
| 1.18 ร | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Geological Setting:
Secondary mineral in hydrothermal deposits, mainly replacing stibnite.
Type Occurrence of Stibiconite
Synonyms of Stibiconite
Other Language Names for Stibiconite
Dutch:Stibiconiet
Russian:ะกัะธะฑะธะบะพะฝะธั
Simplified Chinese:้ป้ๅ
Traditional Chinese:้ป้ป่ฏ
Relationship of Stibiconite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Romรฉite Group:
| Bismutostibiconite | (Bi,Fe3+,โป)2Sb5+2O7 | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| 'Cuproromรฉite' | Cu2Sb2(O,OH)7 | Iso. |
| Fluorcalcioromรฉite | (Ca,Na,โป)2Sb5+2(O,OH)6F | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Hydroxycalcioromรฉite | (Ca,Sb3+)2(Sb5+,Ti)2O6(OH) | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Hydroxyferroromรฉite | (Fe2+1.5โป0.5)Sb5+2O6(OH) | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Oxycalcioromeฬite | Ca2Sb2O6O | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
| Oxyplumboromรฉite | Pb2Sb2O6O | Iso. m3m(4/m32/m) : Fd3m |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 282 photos of Stibiconite associated with Stibnite | Sb2S3 |
| 63 photos of Stibiconite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 52 photos of Stibiconite associated with Native Sulphur | S8 |
| 51 photos of Stibiconite associated with Valentinite | Sb2O3 |
| 43 photos of Stibiconite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 21 photos of Stibiconite associated with Cervantite | Sb3+Sb5+O4 |
| 20 photos of Stibiconite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 18 photos of Stibiconite associated with Senarmontite | Sb2O3 |
| 15 photos of Stibiconite associated with 'Chert' | |
| 13 photos of Stibiconite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DH. | Cesiokenopyrochlore | โปNb2(O,OH)6(Cs,โป) |
| 4.DH. | Romรฉite Group | A2(Sb5+)2O6Z |
| 4.DH. | Oxyplumboromรฉite | Pb2Sb2O6O |
| 4.DH. | Fluornatropyrochlore | (Na,Pb,Ca,REE,U)2Nb2O6F |
| 4.DH. | Hydroxykenomicrolite | (โป,Na,Sb3+)2Ta2O6(OH,Cs) |
| 4.DH. | 'Fluornatroromรฉite' | (Na,Ca)2Sb2(O,OH)6F |
| 4.DH. | Oxyyttrobetafite-(Y) | Y2Ti2O6O |
| 4.DH.05 | Thorutite | (Th,U,Ca)Ti2(O,OH)6 |
| 4.DH.05 | Orthobrannerite | U4+U6+Ti4O12(OH)2 |
| 4.DH.05 | Brannerite | UTi2O6 |
| 4.DH.10 | Kassite | CaTi2O4(OH)2 |
| 4.DH.10 | Lucasite-(La) | |
| 4.DH.10 | Lucasite-(Ce) | CeTi2(O,OH)6 |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Fluorhydropyrochlore' | |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydrokenoelsmoreite | โป2W2O6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Hydroxynatromicrolite' | (Na,Bi3+,โป)2Ta2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroplumboelsmoreite | (Pb,โป)(W,Fe3+)2O6 ยท H2O |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydropyrochlore | (H2O,โป)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Unnamed (Sb-analogue of Hydroxymanganopyrochlor)' | (Mn,Ca,Y)2(Sb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxynatropyrochlore | (Na,Ca,Ce)2Nb2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydrokenopyrochlore | (โป,x)2Nb2O6(H2O,Cs) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxybismutomicrolite | (Bi1.33โป0.67)ฮฃ2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Kenomicrolite | โป2Ta2[O4(OH)2]โป |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluornatromicrolite | (Na1.5Bi0.5)Ta2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Oxynatropyrochlore' | (Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxycalciopyrochlore | (Ca,Na,U,โป)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorcalciopyrochlore | (Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxycalciopyrochlore | Ca2Nb2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Fluorstrontiopyrochlore' | (Sr,โป)2Nb2(O,OH)6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxyplumbopyrochlore | Pb2Nb2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Fluorplumbopyrochlore' | (Pb,Y,Th,U,Na,Ca)2-x(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Bismutomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)' | |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Bismutopyrochlore (of Chukanov et al.)' | (Bi,Ca,U,Pb)2-xNb2(O,OH)6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Kenoplumbopyrochlore' | (Pb,โป)Nb2O6(โป,O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxyplumbopyrochlore | (Pb1.5โป0.5)Nb2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Stibiomicrolite (of Groat et al.)' | |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Oxyyttropyrochlore-(Y)' | (Y,โป)2Nb2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Fluorkenopyrochlore' | (โป,Sr,Ce,Ca,Na)2(Nb,Ti)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxycalciomicrolite | Ca1.5Ta2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Strontiopyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)' | (Sr,Ce,Ca)0.66(Nb,Fe)2(O,OH)7 |
| 4.DH.15 va | 'Alumotungstite' | โป2W2O6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Oxycalciobetafite' | Ca2(Ti,Nb)2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Oxyuranobetafite' | (U,Ca,โป)2(Ti,Nb)2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Fluorcalciomicrolite | (Ca,Na)2(Ta,Nb)2O6F |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxycalciomicrolite | Ca2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxystannomicrolite | Sn2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | Kenoplumbomicrolite | (Pb,โป)2Ta2O6(โป,OH,O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxynatromicrolite | (Na,Ca,U)2(Ta,Nb)2O6(O,F) |
| 4.DH.15 | Oxystibiomicrolite | (Sb3+,Ca)2Ta2O6O |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Hydromicrolite' | (H2O,โป)2Ta2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | 'Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)' | |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydrokenomicrolite | (โป,H2O)2Ta2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxykenoelsmoreite | (โป,Pb)2(W,Fe3+,Al)2(O,OH)6(OH) |
| 4.DH.15 va | 'Yttromicrolite (of Hogarth)' | (Ca,Y3+,U,Na)2-x(Ta,Nb,Ti,Fe3+)2O7 |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxykenopyrochlore | (โป,Ce,Ba)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH,F) |
| 4.DH.15 | Hydroxymanganopyrochlore | (Mn2+,Th,Na,Ca,REE)2(Nb,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | 'Cuproromรฉite' | Cu2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
| 4.DH.20 | Hydroxycalcioromรฉite | (Ca,Sb3+)2(Sb5+,Ti)2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | Bindheimite | Pb2Sb2O6O |
| 4.DH.20 | Hydroxyferroromรฉite | (Fe2+1.5โป0.5)Sb5+2O6(OH) |
| 4.DH.20 | Fluorcalcioromรฉite | (Ca,Na,โป)2Sb5+2(O,OH)6F |
| 4.DH.20 | Oxycalcioromeฬite | Ca2Sb2O6O |
| 4.DH.20 | Stetefeldtite | Ag2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
| 4.DH.20 | Monimolite | Pb2Sb5+2O7 |
| 4.DH.25 | Rosiaite | PbSb5+2O6 |
| 4.DH.30 | Stefanweissite | (Ca,REE)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14 |
| 4.DH.30 | Zirconolite | CaZrTi2O7 |
| 4.DH.30 | Laachite | (Ca,Mn)2Zr2Nb2TiFeO14 |
| 4.DH.30 | Nรถggerathite-(Ce) | (Ce,Ca)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14 |
| 4.DH.35 | Liandratite | U(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DH.35 | Petscheckite | UFe(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DH.40 | Ingersonite | Ca3Mn2+Sb5+4O14 |
| 4.DH.45 | Pittongite | Na0.22(W,Fe3+)(O,OH)3 ยท 0.44H2O |
| 4.DH.50 | Tazzoliite | Ba4-xNaxTi2Nb3SiO17[PO2(OH)2]x(OH)(1-2x) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Stibiconite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3776.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Stibiconite
Reference List:
Vitaliano, Charles J., Mason, Brian (1952) Stibiconite and cervantite. American Mineralogist, 37 (11-12) 982-999
Localities for Stibiconite
Showing 540 localities.
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
โ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Clark (1993) | |
| Leon Hupperichs collection |
| Larit et al. (2025) |
| BARRAL (2013) |
Australia | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Williams et al. (2005) |
| Leverett et al. (2005) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Worner et al. (1982) |
| Peter Andersen |
| Lawrence et al. (1999) | |
| - (1990) |
| |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| |
| |
| I.M. Threadgold (1958) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Simpson (1952) | |
| Simpson (1952) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Maitland (1919) |
| Maitland (1919) | |
Austria | |
| Huber et al. (1977) +2 other references |
| C.Auer (2026) | |
| |
| Blaร et al. (2002) |
| |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| G.Indra coll. |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Groร (1983) |
| Auer (2024) | |
| Niedermayr (2007) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| Hinterlechner (1917) +1 other reference | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Meixner (1980) | |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010) +1 other reference |
| matrixx 5 |
| Lapis 8 (4) |
| Taucher et al. (2000) |
| NEINAVAIE et al. (1999) |
| Hatton (1992) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Putz et al. (2007) |
| Arlt et al. (1994) |
| - (1994, July) |
| Meixner (1958) +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| 1960s specimens analyzed by Gunnar ... |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| |
| Dill et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| |
| Dill (1998) |
Brazil | |
| USGS Professional Paper 341B |
Canada | |
| Wilson (1991) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Lake et al. (2006) |
| Robinson et al. (1996) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
China | |
| Li et al. (2026) |
| Li et al. (2026) +1 other reference | |
| Renke Li (1993) |
| Yongke Chen et al. (2004) |
| boyuan zhang Collection |
| Yu Chen et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| various added photos |
| Hanzhi Sun and Lei Lei (1988) |
| Jianyan Li (1989) |
| Guangmo Liu and Houming Jian (1983) +3 other references |
| Jianhong Zheng et al. (2009) |
| Wilson et al. (2002) |
| Gu et al. (2003) |
| Yong Cheng and Rui Zhang (2006) |
| Schroeder (2010) |
Czech Republic | |
| Pauliลก |
| |
| Beran (Ag, Au, Co) +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| Sandstrรถm et al. (2009) |
France | |
| J.-J. Pรฉrichaud: Les Minรฉraux d'Auvergne et al. (1985) |
| Gol (2012) |
| Queneau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Alain Tuel collection | |
| King (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Pรฉlisson (1989) |
| Pรฉrichaud (1968) |
| Matthias Diot photo |
| Pรฉrichaud (1968) |
| C. Vialaron : La mine d'antimoine de Daรผ et al. (1999) | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Pรฉlisson (1989) |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Pรฉlisson (1989) |
| Pรฉlisson (1989) |
| COUREAU |
| Personally collected by Matthias Diot ... |
| BRGM (1981) |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) | |
| Pierre Le Roch photo & collection |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Lucas Etienne's collection |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| |
| Wittern et al. (1997) | |
| Hohl (1994) +1 other reference |
| Hohl (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Fluck et al. (1992, December) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Thiery et al. (2020) |
| Y. Moรซlo : "Compte-rendu de la ... |
| Michel Arliguie personal observations |
| Gol (1998) |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| collection BONNET Frederic |
| BONNET Frederic collection |
| Dincuff (2008) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Baret (1898) |
| Baret (1898) | |
| Baret (1905) |
| Alain Guillet collection |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Fourcault (1993) |
| Fourcault (1993) | |
| French BRGM Internal Report 0892-8X-4006 +1 other reference |
| Stephane Maury Collection |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Am. Min. (1952) +1 other reference |
| Meier (1995) |
| |
| |
| Schnorrer-Kรถhler (1989) |
| Schnorrer-Kรถhler (1988) |
| |
| Weiร (1990) +1 other reference |
| Henrich et al. (2019) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2025) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references | |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references | |
| Magma 1984 (2) |
| Beyer (1978) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Weiร (1990) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-Kรถhler (1991) |
| Heidtke (2001) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Schnorrer (1993) |
| Kobloch (1992) |
| Haas (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Vollstรคdt (1979) |
| Trรถger (2012) |
| Trรถger (2012) |
| Haas (n.d.) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Solomos et al. (2004) |
| Hanke (1998) |
| |
Guatemala | |
| - (2005) |
Hungary | |
| Szakรกll: Minerals of Rudabรกnya |
| Szakรกll: Minerals of Rudabรกnya | |
| Szakรกll: Minerals of Rudabรกnya | |
| Szakรกll: Minerals of Rudabรกnya | |
| SรNDOR SZAKรLL et al. (2000) |
| |
| geomania.hu (2011) | |
| Sรกndor et al. (2005) |
| Szakรกll |
| SรNDOR SZAKรLL et al. (2000) |
| MAMIT | |
| Szakรกll (2002) | |
| Acta Min. Petr.: SbO minerals of Hungary | |
| Sรกndor et al. (2005) |
| Sรกndor et al. (2005) |
Iran | |
| Rafiei et al. (2010) |
| Mehrabi et al. (2021) | |
Italy | |
| Fornaseri (1955) |
| Carlini (1978) +2 other references | |
| Fioretti (1944) +4 other references |
| Vergani (2019) +1 other reference |
| Bedognรจ et al. (2006) |
| Bedognรจ et al. (2006) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Franco Luca Bonino's collection |
| Pelloux (1904) +1 other reference |
| Conti - Vecchi et al. (1991) |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| Sabelli (2000) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Pelloux (1913) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Triscari et al. (1982) |
| Brizzi et al. (1990) |
| Brizzi G. (1985) +1 other reference | |
| M.E. Ciriotti (Carlini pers. com.) |
| Meli (2001) | |
| Rimbotti (1884) |
| De Michele (1974) | |
| Bazzoni C. et al. (2011) |
| Bazzoni C. et al. (2011) +1 other reference | |
| Bazzoni C. et al. (2011) | |
| Collection of NHM |
| Sitta et al. (1981) |
| Innocenti F. et al. (Semproniano, Grosseto) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (1) |
| Innocenti et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (2004) |
| Nannoni R. et al. (PI) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
Japan | |
| University of Tokyo collection +1 other reference |
| ... |
| Hiroaki Tano specimen |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Ohe Rikosha specimen. |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) |
| Kolesar et al. (1993) | |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Il'yasova +2 other references |
Luxembourg | |
| Bakker et al. (2010) +3 other references |
Malaysia | |
| Breward et al. (1994) |
Mexico | |
| Richard Gunter Collection. |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Moore (2008) |
| King (1981) | |
| Moore et al. (2003) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Biver et al. (2013) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| John Sobolewski collection |
| White et al. (1949) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Mason et al. (1952) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Braith et al. (2001) |
| Carlos Medina specimen. |
Morocco | |
| Jahn et al. (2003) |
Myanmar | |
| Zaw (2017) |
| Zaw (2017) |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
New Zealand | |
| Rod Martin Collection |
| Rod Martin Collection |
| J. Thornton Puhipuhi area in Essence of Microscope (NZ) |
| Ashley et al. (1995) |
| Robinson (2018) |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
Niger | |
| 20 pp. with 14 maps and 19 annexes. +1 other reference |
North Macedonia | |
| Foullon (1892) +3 other references |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
Pakistan | |
| TVM Specimen |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Petersen et al. (2002) |
Poland | |
| Nejbert et al. (2013) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Szakรกll: Minerals of Carpathian Reg. |
| 1-Rฤdulescu Dan |
| Mariaศ (2005) | |
| Own found | |
Russia | |
| Silyanov et al. (2021) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) | |
| Gamyanin et al. (2014) |
Serbia | |
| F. Hermann (1947) |
| Jasun McAvoy specimen | |
Slovakia | |
| Bรกlintovรก T. (2006) |
| Duda |
| Kodฤra et al. (1986) |
| ฤuฤa (1993) |
| Uher et al. (2000) |
| Kodฤra et al. (1986) |
| Kodฤra et al. (1986) |
| Makovicky et al. (2007) |
| Makovicky et al. (2007) |
| Duda et. all. |
| Pauliลก |
| Smirnov A. (Nรญzke Tatry) |
| Chovan et al. (1995) |
| Smirnov et al. (2007) | |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| PMB collection |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Williams-Jones et al. (1997) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
Spain | |
| Gumiel (1983) |
| Fabre (n.d.) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| Gutiรฉrrez et al. (2009) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| |
| |
| Jimรฉnez Martรญnez |
| Gumiel et al. (1976) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
| Tritlla (1995) |
| Tritlla et al. (1997) | |
| Tritlla +2 other references |
| Tritlla et al. (1991) | |
Sweden | |
| Sandstrรถm (2008) |
Switzerland | |
| Romani (2000) +1 other reference |
| Romani (2000) | |
| Romani (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Bรคchtiger K. (1986) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Meisser N. et al. (2020) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) | |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
Thailand | |
| Dill et al. (2008) |
| Dill et al. (2008) | |
| |
Turkey | |
| Philip Bluemner collection (http://www.mindat.org/photo-444681.html) | |
| Bernasconi et al. (1980) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Schlomann et al. (1998) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| A.K. Hamilton Jenkin: Annotations to ... |
| |
| Fortey et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Fortey et al. (1984) +2 other references |
| Knorring et al. (1984) |
| |
| Bevins et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Tischenko Alexander |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| USGS OFR 98-287 (Freeman,1998) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith et al. (1959) |
| Galbraith (1947) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Thomas et al. (1983) |
| Gilluly (1946) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith et al. (1959) |
| Galbraith et al. (1959) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Roberts et al. (2003) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:118. |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| verbal Art Smith 2009 & visual ID on ... |
| Rocks & Min.:63:123 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:123 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:123. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 123 +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:123. | |
| Rocks & Minerals 71:2 pp134-137 | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:124. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:124. | |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Stolburg (1984) |
| Kelley (1938) +4 other references |
| White (1940) +2 other references |
| White (1940) +2 other references | |
| Pemberton (1972) +2 other references |
| Behre et al. (1921) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Bradley (1939) +3 other references |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| Bradley (1939) +1 other reference |
| Walker et al. (1956) +1 other reference |
| Bradley (1918) +3 other references |
| Cooper et al. (1986) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Bob Cobban | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:262 |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Waisman (1992) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Cooper et al. (1987) |
| NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| Newmont Mining Corporation | |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Gail Dunning Collection |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Stewart et al. (1977) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| U.S.G.S. Bulletin 973E +2 other references |
| U.S.G.S. Bulletin 973E +2 other references | |
| U.S.G.S. Bulletin 973E +2 other references | |
| Northern Empire Resources Corp. |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) |
| Ferguson (1924) +1 other reference |
| Foord et al. (1988) |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| Dan Evanich field collected. Species ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Gabe Cangelosi specimen |
| Dana 7:I:598. |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Ilchik et al. (1986) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (1976) | |
| mrdata.usgs.gov (n.d.) | |
| Ilchik (1990) +2 other references | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| J. V. Tingley and J. L. Bentz (1983) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| 5th Annual New Mexico Mineral Symposium (1985) |
| Econ Geol. (1995) |
| Goble et al. (1980) |
| Wagner |
| USGS Bull 969 |
| Streiff |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| R&M 68:6 p381-393 |
| R&M 68:6 p381-393 +1 other reference | |
| Mineral News: 19 (12) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Rocks and Minerals 66:6 |
| Valentine et al. (1956) +3 other references |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
| Valentine et al. (1956) +4 other references |
| Valentine et al. (1956) +3 other references |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) | |
| Falster (1981) +1 other reference |
| Falster (1987) | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Ishbobaev et al. (2021) |
| Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan) |
| Ishbobaev et al. (2023) |
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U.S. Mine, Gold Hill, Gold Hill Mining District, Tooele County, Utah, USA