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Froodite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Froodite
Formula:
α-PdBi2
Colour:
Grey
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
12.05 - 12.6
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
For the type locality.
Chemically related to 'UM1961-03-Bi:Pd' and 'UM1968-01-Bi:Pd'.
The phase transition in structure of the PdBi2 compound has been studied using high-temperature in-situ methods (differential thermal analysis and high-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction). The structures of PdBi2 polymorphic modifications are refined at temperatures of 300, 373, 473, 573, and 637 K based on high-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. A low-temperature modification of α-PdBi2 corresponding to froodite occurs in a temperature range from 300K (27°C) to 573K (300°С) and is characterized by monoclinic syngony, space group C2/m (a = 12.726(1) Å, b = 4.2605(4) Å, c = 5.5668(5) Å, β = 102.51(1)°, V = 299.95(5) Å3, Z = 2). A high-temperature modification of β-PdBi2, which is registered at a temperature of 673K (400°C), has tetragonal syngony and space group I4/mmm (a = 3.3876(3) Å, c = 13.092(2) Å, V = 150.24(4) Å3, Z = 1) and is a structural analog of urvantsevite. The phase transition is referred to as type I and is a reconstructive polymorphic transformation with the rearrangement of the first coordination sphere.
The phase transition in structure of the PdBi2 compound has been studied using high-temperature in-situ methods (differential thermal analysis and high-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction). The structures of PdBi2 polymorphic modifications are refined at temperatures of 300, 373, 473, 573, and 637 K based on high-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. A low-temperature modification of α-PdBi2 corresponding to froodite occurs in a temperature range from 300K (27°C) to 573K (300°С) and is characterized by monoclinic syngony, space group C2/m (a = 12.726(1) Å, b = 4.2605(4) Å, c = 5.5668(5) Å, β = 102.51(1)°, V = 299.95(5) Å3, Z = 2). A high-temperature modification of β-PdBi2, which is registered at a temperature of 673K (400°C), has tetragonal syngony and space group I4/mmm (a = 3.3876(3) Å, c = 13.092(2) Å, V = 150.24(4) Å3, Z = 1) and is a structural analog of urvantsevite. The phase transition is referred to as type I and is a reconstructive polymorphic transformation with the rearrangement of the first coordination sphere.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1615
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1615:1
Similar Names
IMA Classification of Froodite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
PdBi2
Classification of Froodite
2.AC.45a
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
A : Alloys
C : Alloys of metalloids with PGE
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
A : Alloys
C : Alloys of metalloids with PGE
2.12.15.1
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
3.12.41
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Fro | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Fro | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Froodite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Comment:
Quite reflective giving a silvery white reflection; splendent on fresh cleavage, tarnishes quickly;
Colour:
Grey
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN25=84 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {100}
less perfect on {001}
Perfect on {100}
less perfect on {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
12.05 - 12.6 g/cm3 (Measured) 11.42 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Synthetic - 11.5
Optical Data of Froodite
Anisotropism:
Light and dark grays
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 420nm | 50.7% | 52.9% |
| 440nm | 51.9% | 54.3% |
| 460nm | 53.1% | 55.5% |
| 480nm | 54.3% | 56.4% |
| 500nm | 55.2% | 57.2% |
| 520nm | 55.7% | 57.8% |
| 540nm | 56.1% | 58.4% |
| 560nm | 56.5% | 59.0% |
| 580nm | 56.9% | 59.6% |
| 600nm | 57.4% | 60.2% |
| 620nm | 57.7% | 60.7% |
| 640nm | 58.0% | 61.1% |
| 660nm | 58.5% | 61.4% |
| 680nm | 58.8% | 62.0% |
| 700nm | 59.3% | 63.0% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 63.0%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Creamy white
Chemistry of Froodite
Mindat Formula:
α-PdBi2
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Te
Crystallography of Froodite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.74 Å, b = 4.29 Å, c = 5.71 Å
β = 102.52°
β = 102.52°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.97 : 1 : 1.331
Unit Cell V:
304.66 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Rounded grains
Twinning:
Sometimes
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0015531 | Froodite | Zhuravlev N N (1957) Structure of superconductors. X. Thermal, microscopic and x-ray investigation of the bismuth-palladium system Soviet Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 5 1064-1072 | 1957 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.77 Å | (100) |
| 1.556 Å | (80) |
| 2.97 Å | (70) |
| 2.48 Å | (70) |
| 2.21 Å | (70) |
| 1.637 Å | (60) |
| 1.419 Å | (60) |
| 2.14 Å | (50) |
| 2.09 Å | (50) |
Comments:
Frood mine, Canada. Data from the type description.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals |
Type Occurrence of Froodite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Flat cleavage fragments and rounded grains
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Harvard University. The cleavage fragment is not available for
further study.
further study.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Sudbury intrusive
Other Language Names for Froodite
Relationship of Froodite to other Species
Structurally related to group(s):
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 29 photos of Froodite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 27 photos of Froodite associated with Altaite | PbTe |
| 24 photos of Froodite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 16 photos of Froodite associated with Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| 13 photos of Froodite associated with Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| 13 photos of Froodite associated with Paolovite | Pd2Sn |
| 11 photos of Froodite associated with Geversite | PtSb2 |
| 11 photos of Froodite associated with Native Silver | Ag |
| 10 photos of Froodite associated with Maslovite | PtBiTe |
| 10 photos of Froodite associated with Breithauptite | NiSb |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.AC. | Vadlazarenkovite | Pd8Bi1.5Te1.25As0.25 |
| 2.AC. | Törnroosite | Pd11As2Te2 |
| 2.AC.05b | Vincentite | Pd3As |
| 2.AC.05a | Atheneite | Pd2As0.75Hg0.25 |
| 2.AC.10c | Arsenopalladinite | Pd8(As,Sb)3 |
| 2.AC.10b | Mertieite | Pd8Sb2.5As0.5 |
| 2.AC.10a | Stillwaterite | Pd8As3 |
| 2.AC.15a | Isomertieite | Pd11Sb2As2 |
| 2.AC.15a | Miessiite | Pd11Te2Se2 |
| 2.AC.15b | Pseudomertieite | Pd11(Sb,As)4 |
| 2.AC.20c | Menshikovite | Pd3Ni2As3 |
| 2.AC.20a | Stibiopalladinite | Pd5Sb2 |
| 2.AC.20b | Palarstanide | Pd5(Sn,As)2 |
| 2.AC.25c | Palladodymite | (Pd,Rh)2As |
| 2.AC.25d | Naldrettite | Pd2Sb |
| 2.AC.25b | Rhodarsenide | (Rh,Pd)2As |
| 2.AC.25e | Majakite | PdNiAs |
| 2.AC.25a | Palladoarsenide | Pd2As |
| 2.AC.25f | Palladobismutharsenide | Pd2(As,Bi) |
| 2.AC.30 | 'UM1999-02-As:NiRh' | (Rh,Ni)7As4 |
| 2.AC.30 | Polkanovite | Rh12As7 |
| 2.AC.35b | Ungavaite | Pd4Sb3 |
| 2.AC.35a | Genkinite | Pt4Sb3 |
| 2.AC.40 | Polarite | Pd(Bi,Pb) |
| 2.AC.50 | Viteite | Pd5InAs |
| 2.AC.50 | Nipalarsite | Ni8Pd3As4 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Froodite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1615.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
Vermilion Mine, Denison Township, Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada