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Mai

Gyara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Mai
kayayyaki da commodity (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare naAbubuwan da ba a saba amfani da su ba da liquid (en) Fassara
Gilashin Man zaitun da aka yi amfani da shi a abinci

Man fetur ruwa ne tare da digiri daban-daban na viscosity dangane da zafin jiki. Man fetur duk wani sinadarin sinadarai ne wanda ya kunshi hydrocarbons kuma yana da hydrophobic da Lipophilic. Mai yawanci yana iya cin wuta kuma yana aiki a saman. Yawancin mai sune sinadarin da ba a cika su ba wanda yake ruwa a zafin jiki.

Mai na shuke-shuke da dabbobi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsire-tsire, dabbobi, da sauran kwayoyin halitta suna samar da mai daban-daban. Lipid shine kalmar kimiyya don kitse, Steroids, da phospholipids waɗanda ke narkewa a cikin kayan narkewa.[1] Wani babban nau'in mai na shuka shine mai Mai tsawo, cakuda mai da rosins waɗanda aka cire daga bishiyoyi kuma ana amfani da su galibi azaman mai narkewa da man fetur. Baya ga mai na zamani na dabba (misali tallow), an yi amfani da man whale sau ɗaya.

Daga hangen nesa na aikace-aikacen kasuwanci, kitse suna da mahimmanci saboda su ne precursors ga sabulu kuma suna da wani bangare na abinci da yawa, misali man dafa abinci. Kashe mai, wanda ya kunshi kitse mara cikawa, sune mahimman abubuwan da ke cikin wasu fenti da lacquers.

Mai da aka samo daga man fetur

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai maɓuɓɓugar mai da yawa na "mai da aka samo" ciki har da distillates daga mai mai da Man shale. Babban amfani da waɗannan mai sun haɗa da man fetur (misali mai dumama) da ruwa mai ruwa.

Bugu da ƙari, mai na roba, galibi ana amfani dashi azaman mai suna samar da sinadarai na sinadarai.

Man fetur na asali ya samo asali ne daga kayan halittu na asali, kamar zooplankton da algae, wanda tsarin geochemical ya canza zuwa mai.[2]

Etimology da tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

a="#mwt29" class="mw-ref reference" data-mw="{"name":"ref","attrs":{"group":"lower-alpha"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-10"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"efn","href":"./Template:Efn"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"The [[Old English]] word was: ele;<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bosworth|first1=Joseph|author-link=Joseph Bosworth (scholar)|editor1=Thomas Northcote Toller|editor1-link=Thomas Northcote Toller|editor2=Christ Sean|editor3=Ondřej Tichy|date=2014|url=https://bosworthtoller.com/|chapter-url=https://bosworthtoller.com/9200|location=[[Prague]]|publisher=Faculty of Arts, [[Charles University]]|chapter=ELE|title=Bosworth Toller's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary online}}</ref> \"Eft on fyrste, æfter Cristes upstige to heofonum, rixode sum wælhreow casere on Romana ríce, æfter Nerone, se wæs Domicianus gehaten, cristenra manna ehtere: se het afyllan ane cyfe mid weallendum ele,\" (in: [[:s:The Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church/IV|IV]] of [[Catholic Homilies|Homilies]] written by [[Ælfric of Eynsham|Ælfric]])"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="cite_ref-10" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref">[./Oil#cite_note-10 [a]] Amfani na farko a cikin wani nau'i mai kama da na zamani shine [3] a cikin Anglo-Norman [4] kafin (a) 1300 a Land of Cokaygne [lower-alpha 1] a cikin Turanci na Tsakiya daga Tsohon Faransanci mai [4] a matsayin sakamakon tasirin Edward the Confessor (1042-1066) [8] kuma bayan kisan Sarki Harold a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1066 [9] bayan mamayewar 1066 daga Normandy, [3] mafi mahimmancin tushen fassarar daga Latin a lokacin 12th ko 13th (Mode elaia) mai mai mai mai:[lower-alpha 2] "Mai mai" a cikin Girkanci na Mycenaean (transliteration) shine e-rai-wo.

An yi amfani da mai a cikin tarihi a matsayin matsakaiciyar addini. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa wakili ne mai tsarkakewa ta ruhaniya kuma ana amfani dashi don shafawa. A matsayin misali na musamman, mai mai tsarki ya kasance muhimmin ruwa na al'ada ga Addinin Yahudanci [22] da Kiristanci.

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Emulsifier, sinadarin da ke ba da damar man fetur da ruwa su haɗu
  1. ↑
    Þer beþ riuers..Of oile, melk, honi and wine.[3]
    In Cokaigne is met and drink,[5]
    With-vte care, how and swink.[5]
    ...
    Ther beth riuers gret and fine [5]
    Of oile, melk, honi and wine.[5]
    "riuers": "The four rivers of Paradise" of which oil is Geon because of the Apocalypse of St Paul[6][7]
  2. ↑ Latin language sources [10] chronology:
    BCE / BC:
    Plautus, Poenulus [10] (c. 200)[11]
    Cato the Elder,[10] (234–149) (Tusculum)[12] De Agri Cultura[10] (c. 160)[13]
    Lex Thoria[10] (111)[14]
    Varro,[10] (116–27) (Reate)[12] De Re Rustica [10]
    Cicero[10] (106, Arpinum)[15]
    Virgil,[10] (October 15, 70, Andes)[16] Aeneid[10]
    Horace,[10] (December 8, 65)[17] Saturae[10]
    Ovid,[10] (March 20, 43)[18] Tristia[10]
    CE / AD:
    Columella,[10] (70 AD [19]) De Re Rustica[10]
    Pliny the Elder,[10] (23 CE Transpadane Gaul - August 24, 79, Stabiae[20]) Naturalis Historia[10]
    Juvenal,[10] (AD 80, Aquinum[21]) Saturae[10]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Lipids". IUPAC Gold Book. Archived from the original on 2025-09-22. Retrieved 2026-09-15.
  2. ↑ Kvenvolden, Keith A. (2006). "Organic geochemistry – A retrospective of its first 70 years". Organic Geochemistry. 37 (1): 1. Bibcode:2006OrGeo..37....1K. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001. S2CID 95305299.
  3. 1 2 Oxford English Dictionary. "oil noun1 Meaning & use". Oxford University Press. in W. Heuser, Kildare-Gedichte (1904)
  4. 1 2 Oxford English Dictionary. "oil noun 1 Etymology". Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OED/9508264200. Anglo-Norman oile < classical Latin
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Anglo-Irish poems of the Middle Ages: The Kildare Poems (Author: [unknown]) Poem 1 The Land of Cokaygne {MS fol 3r}". Corpus of Electronic Texts Coláiste na hOllscoile Corcaigh.
  6. ↑ Bella Millett. "The Land of Cockaygne London MS Harley 913, ff. 3r-6v, Notes 45-46". British Library: University of Southampton Wessex Parallel WebTexts. Apocalypse of St Paul; see M. R. James, trans., The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924), p. 538) Samfuri:Web archive
  7. ↑ Bella Millett (ed.). "The Land of Cockaygne London MS Harley 913, ff. 3r-6v, Translation". British Library: University of Southampton Wessex Parallel WebTexts. Samfuri:Web archive
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "CLA2006".
  9. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "LS".
  11. ↑ John Starks Jnr. "THE PUNY PUNIC (Poenulus) BY Plautus Dramatis Personae)". binghamton.edu. The time is more or less the present (i.e. circa 200 B.C.)
  12. 1 2 CATO AND VARRO ON AGRICULTURE. Loeb Classical Library 283. Translated by W. D. Hooper; Harrison Boyd Ash. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1934.
  13. ↑ M. Stephen Spurr (2014). "Appendix: Cato the Elder: De agricultura". In Antony Spawforth; Esther Eidinow; Simon Hornblower (eds.). Oxford Companion to CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION. Oxford University Press. p. 156. ISBN 9780198706779.
  14. ↑ UGA. "LEX THORIA AGRARIA ( 111 BC)". Université Grenoble Alpes – via www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquit/nfUrAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Lex+Thoria&pg=PA700&printsec=frontcover "the date of the Lex Thoria is usually fixed by Rudorff as the year of the city 643 or B.C. 111".
  15. ↑ John Ferguson; et al. (4 December 2025). "Governors Cicero". Britannica.
  16. ↑ Michael Simpson (1998). "Virgil". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Gale Academic OneFile. Gale – via poets.org/poet/virgil.
  17. ↑ Robin Nisbet (28 May 2007). Stephen Harrison (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Horace: 1 – Horace: life and chronology from Part 1: – Orientations. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CCOL0521830028.002.
  18. ↑ William L. Carey. "P. OVIDIUS NASO (43 B.C. - A.D. 17)" (PDF). George Mason University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2003 – via www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/ovid.
  19. ↑ Silke Diederich (25 February 2016). "Oxford Biographies Columella". Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780195389661-0203.
  20. ↑ Jerry Stannard. "Pliny the Elder". Britannica.
  21. ↑ James Sullivan (December 16, 2003). "JUVENAL". In Frank N. Magill (ed.). The Ancient World Dictionary of World Biography. 1. Taylor & Francis. p. 647.
  22. ↑ Chesnutt, Randall D. (January 2005). "Perceptions of Oil in Early Judaism and the Meal Formula in Joseph and Aseneth". Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha (in Turanci). 14 (2): 113–132. doi:10.1177/0951820705051955. ISSN 0951-8207. S2CID 161240989.
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