Gelada

Gelada
Gelada
Conservation status
	; LC (mul) (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Class	Mammalia (mul)
Order	Primates (mul)
Dangi	Cercopithecidae (mul)
Tribe	Papionini (mul)
Genus	Theropithecus (mul)
jinsi	Theropithecus gelada; Rüppell, 1835
Geographic distribution
General information
Babban tsaton samun abinci	ciyawa

Gelada (wanda aka fi sani da *Theropithecus gelada*; a harshen Amharic: *č̣əlada*; a Oromo: *Jaldeessa daabee*), wanda wani lokacin ake kira da birin mai-kirji-mai-launin-jini ko kuma birin *baboon* na nau'in gelada, nau'in biri ne na Tsohuwar Duniya (Old World monkey) da ake samu a tsaunukan Habasha kawai, inda yake rayuwa a tsayin mita 1,800 zuwa 4,400 (ƙafa 5,900 zuwa 14,400) sama da matakin teku. Shi ne kaɗai nau'in halitta mai rai da ya rage a cikin rukunin *Theropithecus*, sunan da aka samo daga kalmomin Girkanci masu ma'anar "birin-dabba" (*thēro-píthēkos*).[1][2] Kamar takwarorinsa na kusa a rukunin *Papio* (wato biran *baboon*), wannan biri yana rayuwa ne galibi a ƙasa, inda yake cinye mafi yawan lokacinsa yana neman abinci a filayen ciyawa; ciyawa ce kuma ke samar da kusan kashi 90 na abincinsa.

Yana da gashi mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da fuska mai duhu da gashin ido. Manya maza suna da gashi mai tsawo a bayansu da kuma jan fata mai haske wanda ya yi kama da saurin saurin sautin a cikin kirjin su. Har ila yau, mata suna da fata mai tsabta amma ba a bayyana shi sosai ba, sai dai a lokacin Estrus, lokacin da yake haskakawa kuma yana nuna "kusa" na blisters cike da ruwa. Maza suna da matsakaicin 18.5 kg (41 lb) kg (41 kuma mata suna da matsakaici 11 kg (24 lb) kg (24 a cikin nauyi. Tsawon kai-jiki yana da 50-75 cm (20-30 in) tare da wutsiya na 30-50 cm (12-20 in).

Gelada tana da tsari mai rikitarwa na zamantakewa. Rukunin haifuwa da maza sune ƙungiyoyi biyu na asali. Ƙungiya ta ƙunshi haɗuwa da raka'a masu yawa na haihuwa da raka'o'in maza; al'umma ta ƙunshi ƙungiya ɗaya zuwa huɗu. A cikin raka'a na haihuwa mata suna da alaƙa da juna. Maza za su ƙaura daga ƙungiyar haihuwarsu don ƙoƙarin sarrafa ɗayan nasu kuma mata a cikin ɗayan na iya zaɓar tallafawa ko adawa da sabon namiji. Lokacin da maza fiye da ɗaya suke cikin ɗayan, ɗaya ne kawai zai iya yin jima'i da mata. Gelada tana da nau'o'i daban-daban na muryoyin da ake zaton suna kusa da rikitarwa ga na mutane.

An yi tunanin yawan geladas ya ragu daga 440,000 a cikin 1970s zuwa 200,000 a cikin 2008. Duk da asarar nauyi, an lissafa shi a matsayin mafi ƙarancin damuwa ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi.

Tarihi da juyin halitta

Tun daga shekara ta 1979, ana sanya gelada a cikin jinsinta (Theropithecus), kodayake wasu binciken kwayar halitta sun nuna cewa ya kamata a haɗa wannan biri tare da danginsa na baboon (genus Papio); ^[1] wasu masu bincike sun rarraba jinsin har ma da nisa daga Papio. Duk da yake Theropithecus gelada shine kawai nau'in da ke rayuwa na jinsinsa, daban-daban, an san manyan nau'o'in daga tarihin burbushin halittu: <i id="mwSw">T. brumpti</i>, T. darti da T. oswaldi, wanda aka rarraba a ƙarƙashin jinsin Simopithecus. ^[2]^[3] Theropithecus, yayin da aka ƙuntata a halin yanzu zuwa Habasha, an kuma san shi daga burbushin burbushin da aka samo a Afirka da Bahar Rum zuwa Asiya, gami da Afirka ta Kudu, Malawi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Aljeriya, Morocco, Spain, da Indiya (mafi daidai a Mirzapur, Cueva Victoria, Pirro Nord, Ternifine, Hadari, Turkana, Makapansgat, da Swartkrans).

Manazarta

↑ Goodman, M.; Porter, C. A.; Czelusniak, J.; Page, S. L.; Schneider, H.; Shoshani, J.; Gunnell, G.; Groves, C. P. (1998). "Toward a Phylogenetic Classification of Primates Based on DNA Evidence Complemented by Fossil Evidence". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 9 (3): 585–598. Bibcode:1998MolPE...9..585G. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0495. PMID 9668008. S2CID 23525774.
↑ Hughes, K.; Elton, S.; O'Regan, J. (Jan 2008). "Theropithecus and 'Out of Africa' dispersal in the Plio-Pleistocene". Journal of Human Evolution. 54 (1): 43–77. Bibcode:2008JHumE..54...43H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.06.004. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 17868778.
↑ Maier, W. (1972). "The first complete skull of Simopithecus darti from Makapansgat, South Africa, and its systematic position". Journal of Human Evolution. 1 (4): 395–400. Bibcode:1972JHumE...1..395M. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(72)90116-9.

[Goodman-1] Goodman, M.; Porter, C. A.; Czelusniak, J.; Page, S. L.; Schneider, H.; Shoshani, J.; Gunnell, G.; Groves, C. P. (1998). "Toward a Phylogenetic Classification of Primates Based on DNA Evidence Complemented by Fossil Evidence". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 9 (3): 585–598. Bibcode:1998MolPE...9..585G. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0495. PMID 9668008. S2CID 23525774.

[Hughes-2] Hughes, K.; Elton, S.; O'Regan, J. (Jan 2008). "Theropithecus and 'Out of Africa' dispersal in the Plio-Pleistocene". Journal of Human Evolution. 54 (1): 43–77. Bibcode:2008JHumE..54...43H. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.06.004. ISSN 0047-2484. PMID 17868778.

[3] Maier, W. (1972). "The first complete skull of Simopithecus darti from Makapansgat, South Africa, and its systematic position". Journal of Human Evolution. 1 (4): 395–400. Bibcode:1972JHumE...1..395M. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(72)90116-9.

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