鞏

See also: 巩

鞏 U+978F, 鞏 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-978F ← 鞎 [U+978E] CJK Unified Ideographs 鞐 → [U+9790]

Translingual

Han character

鞏 (Kangxi radical 177, 革+6, 15 strokes, Cangjie input 一弓廿中十 (MNTLJ), four-corner 1750₆, composition ⿱巩革)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1387, character 28
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42819
• Dae Jaweon: page 1902, character 9
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4333, character 4
• Unihan data for U+978F

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 鞏
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
缸	*kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ
篢	*kluːmʔ, *koːŋ
贑	*kluːmʔ
涳	*ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江	*kroːŋ
肛	*kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ
扛	*kroːŋ
杠	*kroːŋ
豇	*kroːŋ
茳	*kroːŋ
釭	*kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼	*kroːŋ
玒	*kroːŋ, *koːŋ
虹	*kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔	*kʰroːŋ
崆	*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
羫	*kʰroːŋ
控	*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
椌	*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
悾	*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫	*kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌	*qʰroːŋ
谾	*qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ
舡	*qʰroːŋ
缻	*ɡroːŋ
項	*ɡroːŋʔ
屸	*ɡ·roːŋ
功	*koːŋ
工	*koːŋ
疘	*koːŋ
魟	*koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻	*koːŋ, *kuːŋ
愩	*koːŋ
碽	*koːŋ
貢	*koːŋs
羾	*koːŋs
空	*kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
箜	*kʰoːŋ
硿	*kʰoːŋ
埪	*kʰoːŋ
鵼	*kʰoːŋ
倥	*kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚	*kʰoːŋs
叿	*qʰoːŋ
嗊	*qʰoːŋʔ
訌	*ɡoːŋ
紅	*ɡoːŋ
仜	*ɡoːŋ
葒	*ɡoːŋ
渱	*ɡoːŋ
鴻	*ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ
汞	*ɡoːŋʔ
澒	*ɡoːŋʔ
鞏	*koŋʔ
巩	*koŋʔ
銎	*kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ
恐	*kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs
蛩	*ɡoŋ
筇	*ɡoŋ
桏	*ɡoŋ
邛	*ɡoŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *koŋʔ): phonetic 巩 (OC *koŋʔ) + semantic 革.

Etymology 1

trad.		鞏
simp.		巩*
alternative forms		𩊳 𠔣

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gǒng (gong³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gung²
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kiúng

  (Hailu, HRS): giung^ˊ

• Eastern Min (BUC): gṳ̄ng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): koeng³ / kyoeng³
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khióng / kióng
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵kon

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gǒng
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gǒng
    • Wade–Giles: kung³
    • Yale: gǔng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goong
    • Palladius: гун (gun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gung²
    • Yale: gúng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gung²
    • Guangdong Romanization: gung²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiúng
    • Hakka Romanization System: giung^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: giung³
    • Sinological IPA: /ki̯uŋ³¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: giung^ˊ
    • Sinological IPA: /kiuŋ²⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gṳ̄ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyŋ³³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: koeng³
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kê̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰœŋ⁴⁵³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: kyoeng³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰyøŋ³³²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khióng
    • Tâi-lô: khióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qiorng
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kióng
    • Tâi-lô: kióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiorng
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kiɔŋ⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ⁴¹/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵kon
    • MiniDict: kon^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²kon
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /koŋ³⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: kjowngX

Rime
Character	鞏
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居悚切
Baxter	kjowngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨoŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/kioŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/kioŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuawŋX/
Li Rong	/kioŋX/
Wang Li	/kĭwoŋX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯woŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*k(r)oŋʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*koŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鞏
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gǒng
Middle Chinese	‹ kjowngX ›
Old Chinese	/*k(r)oŋʔ/
English	bind with leather straps
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鞏
Reading #	1/1
No.	4067
Phonetic component	工
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	拱
Old Chinese	/*koŋʔ/

Definitions

鞏

1. to fasten using a leather band
2. to secure; to consolidate
3. firm; secure
4. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 栱 (gǒng, “post, pillar”)
5. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 恐 (kǒng, “to fear”)
6. (～國) (historical) State of Gong (a small state during the Spring and Autumn period in modern-day Henan)
7. (～縣) (historical) Gong County (in modern-day Gongyi, Henan)
8. (～州) (historical) Gong Prefecture (in modern-day Gong County, Sichuan)
9. (～州) (historical) Gong Prefecture (in modern-day Longxi County, Gansu)
10. a surname, Gong

    鞏俐／巩俐  ―  Gǒng Lì  ―  Gong Li

Synonyms

• (firm):

edit

• 堅固 / 坚固 (jiāngù)
• 堅實 / 坚实 (jiānshí)
• 堅硬 / 坚硬 (jiānyìng)
• 扎實
• 深厚 (shēnhòu) (figurative, of foundations)
• 牢 (láo)
• 牢固 (láogù)
• 牢牢 (láoláo)
• 牢靠 (láokào)
• 瓷 (cí)
• 穩固 / 稳固 (wěngù)
• 結實 / 结实
• 緊實 / 紧实 (jǐnshí)
• 鞏固 / 巩固 (gǒnggù)

Compounds

• 岑鞏 / 岑巩
• 東鞏 / 东巩 (Dōnggǒng)
• 鞏固 / 巩固 (gǒnggù)
• 鞏家灣 / 巩家湾 (Gǒngjiāwān)
• 鞏留 / 巩留 (Gǒngliú)
• 鞏縣 / 巩县
• 鞏縣石窟 / 巩县石窟
• 鞏義 / 巩义 (Gǒngyì)
• 鞏膜 / 巩膜 (gǒngmó)
• 鞏膜炎 / 巩膜炎 (gǒngmóyán)
• 鞏華城 / 巩华城

Etymology 2

trad.		鞏
simp.		巩*
alternative forms		砊 砌 控 空 框

Pronunciation

• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khōng

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• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khōng
    • Tâi-lô: khōng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qong
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ³³/

Definitions

鞏

1. (Taiwanese Hokkien) to lay; to build by laying (bricks, cement, etc.)
   • 1991, “故鄉”, in 鄭進一, 陳維祥 (lyrics), 鄭進一 (music), 故鄉, performed by 葉啟田:

     有幾間厝用磚仔砌　看起來普通普通 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
     有几间厝用砖仔砌　看起来普通普通 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]

     ū kúi keng chhù iōng chng-á khōng, khòaⁿ--khí-lâi phó͘-thong phó͘-thong [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

     There are a few houses built with bricks; they look quite ordinary

References

• “鞏”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

鞏

(Hyōgai kanji)

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Readings

• On (unclassified): きょう (kyō)
• Kun: かたい (katai)

Korean

Hanja

鞏 (eum 공 (gong))

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Vietnamese

Han character

鞏: Hán Nôm readings: củng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.