酵

酵 U+9175, 酵 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9175 ← 酴 [U+9174] CJK Unified Ideographs 酶 → [U+9176]

Translingual

Han character

酵 (Kangxi radical 164, 酉+7, 14 strokes, Cangjie input 一田十大木 (MWJKD), four-corner 1464₇, composition ⿰酉孝)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1283, character 12
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39868
• Dae Jaweon: page 1783, character 8
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3582, character 8
• Unihan data for U+9175

Chinese

trad.		酵
simp. #		酵

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (孝) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
酵	*kruːs
窙	*qʰruː
哮	*qʰruː, *qʰruːs
庨	*qʰruː
涍	*qʰruː, *qʰruːs
孝	*qʰruːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kruːs): semantic 酉 + phonetic 孝 (OC *qʰruːs) – fermenting in a vessel, making alcoholic drink. 孝 is composed of “young + old”, hence connotations of “aging (in a vase), fermentation”.

Etymology

In some lects, the pronunciation of 酵 (jiào) is the same as that of 孝 (xiào). This is the result of dubanbian (讀半邊／读半边 (dúbànbiān)).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiào, xiào

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄠˋ, ㄒㄧㄠˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haau¹ / gaau³ / haau³
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kau

  (Meixian, Guangdong): gau⁴

• Eastern Min (BUC): háu
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kàⁿ / hàu / kàu

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gan³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵ciau; ⁵shiau; ⁵kau

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiào
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄠˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiào
    • Wade–Giles: chiao⁴
    • Yale: jyàu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiaw
    • Palladius: цзяо (czjao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; variant in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiào
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siào
    • Wade–Giles: hsiao⁴
    • Yale: syàu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiaw
    • Palladius: сяо (sjao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: haau¹ / gaau³ / haau³
    • Yale: hāau / gaau / haau
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haau¹ / gaau³ / haau³
    • Guangdong Romanization: hao¹ / gao³ / hao³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːu̯⁵⁵/, /kaːu̯³³/, /haːu̯³³/

Note:

• haau1 - most common pronunciation;
• gaau3 - prescribed pronunciation;
• haau3 - variant.

• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kau
    • Hakka Romanization System: gau
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gau⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kau̯⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: gau⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kau⁵³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: háu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑu²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: kànn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kvax
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kã²¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kã⁴¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kã¹¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hàu
    • Tâi-lô: hàu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: haux
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hau²¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /hau⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàu
    • Tâi-lô: kàu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kaux
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kau⁴¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kau²¹/

Note:

• kàⁿ - vernacular;
• hàu - colloquial variant;
• kàu - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: gan³
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kàⁿ
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kã²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵ciau; ⁵shiau; ⁵kau
    • MiniDict: ciau^去; shiau^去; kau^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²jiau; ²xiau; ²kau
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕiɔ³⁴/, /ɕiɔ³⁴/, /kɔ³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: kaewH

Rime
Character	酵
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	肴 (90)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	古孝切
Baxter	kaewH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠauH/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚauH/
Shao Rongfen	/kauH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨwH/
Li Rong	/kauH/
Wang Li	/kauH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kauH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiào
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaau3

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kruːs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	酵
Reading #	1/1
No.	13766
Phonetic component	孝
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	敎
Old Chinese	/*kruːs/

Definitions

酵

1. yeast
2. to yeast
3. (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) dough with yeast

Compounds

• 木瓜酵素 (mùguā jiàosù)
• 發酵 / 发酵 (fājiào)
• 發酵乳 / 发酵乳 (fājiàorǔ)
• 發酵乳酸 / 发酵乳酸
• 糖酵解 (tángjiàojiě)
• 酵母 (jiàomǔ)
• 酵母菌
• 酵素 (jiàosù)
• 酵素毒
• 醱酵 / 酦酵 (fājiào)
• 醱酵乳 / 酦酵乳

Japanese

Kanji

酵

(Jōyō kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: きょう (kyō)
• Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
• Kun: もと (moto, 酵)

Compounds

• 酵素(こうそ) (kōso)
• 酵母(こうぼ) (kōbo)
• 発酵(はっこう) (hakkō)
• 醗酵(はっこう) (hakkō)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 酵 (MC kaewH). The original reading is 교 (gyo); the prominently-used 효 (hyo) is from a corrupted or unorthodox reading.

Historical readings

• Recorded as Middle Korean 교〯 (kywǒ) (Yale: kyǒ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ço(ː)] ~ [kjo(ː)]
• Phonetic hangul: [효(ː)/교(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

酵 (eumhun 삭힐 효 (sakhil hyo)), 酵 (eumhun 삭힐 교 (sakhil gyo))

1. hanja form^? of 효 (“yeast”)

Compounds

• 무교병 (無酵餠, mugyobyeong)
• 발효 (醱酵, balhyo)
• 효모 (酵母, hyomo)
• 효소 (酵素, hyoso)
• 효소학 (酵素學, hyosohak)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

酵: Hán Nôm readings: diếu, giếu, dáo, giáo

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.