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夫

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 禾, 末, 天, 未, 夭, 兂, and 伕
夫 U+592B, 夫
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-592B
← 太
[U+592A]
CJK Unified Ideographs 夬 →
[U+592C]

Translingual

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Stroke order
4 strokes

Han character

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夫 (Kangxi radical 37, 大+1, 4 strokes, Cangjie input 手人 (QO), four-corner 50030, composition ⿻二人 or ⿻一大)

Derived characters

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See also

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  • 替, 賛 (top simplified from 竝 and 兟)

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 248, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5835
  • Dae Jaweon: page 507, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 521, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+592B

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
夫

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 夫
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Pictogram (象形): a variant form of 大 (OC *daːds, *daːds) preserving its original meaning of 夫 (OC *pa, “man”).[1] 大 and 夫 were originally used interchangeably before settling to their current meanings.[2]

The character was later also phonetically borrowed as an instance of jiajie (假借) for 夫 (OC *ba, “that”).

Shuowen mistakes the added horizontal stroke for a hairpin. In ancient times, when men reached the age of 20, they bound their hair with a hairpin during the Guan Li ceremony. The hairpin would thus be interpreted as the sign of “a grownup man”.

Etymology 1

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pa (“male”), not to be confused with 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “father”).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • hŭ - literary;
  • buŏ - vernacular.
Note:
  • hu1 - literary;
  • bou1 - vernacular.
Note:
  • hu - literary;
  • po͘ - vernacular.
Note:
  • hu1 - literary;
  • bou1 - vernacular.

Rime
Character 夫
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 幫 (1)
Final (韻) 虞 (24)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 甫無切
Baxter pju
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/pɨo/
Pan
Wuyun
/pio/
Shao
Rongfen
/pio/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/puə̆/
Li
Rong
/pio/
Wang
Li
/pĭu/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/pi̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
fū
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
fu1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 夫
Reading # 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
fū
Middle
Chinese
‹ pju ›
Old
Chinese
/*p(r)a/
English man

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 夫
Reading # 1/2
No. 3274
Phonetic
component
夫
Rime
group
魚
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
跗
Old
Chinese
/*pa/

Definitions

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夫

  1. male adult; man
  2. husband
    前夫  ―  qiánfū  ―  ex-husband
    夫婦/夫妇  ―  fūfù  ―  married couple
  3. manual worker
    農夫/农夫  ―  nóngfū  ―  peasant
    漁夫/渔夫  ―  yúfū  ―  fisherman
  4. conscripted laborer
  5. a transliteration of the Russian surname -в (-v) of the Slavic male surname suffix
    Antonym: 娃
    納扎爾巴耶夫/纳扎尔巴耶夫  ―  Nà zhā ěr bā yē fū  ―  Nazarbayev
Synonyms
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Compounds

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Descendants

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  • → Proto-Southwestern Tai: *pʰuəᴬ

Etymology 2

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“That”. Schuessler (2007) connects this with Proto-Loloish *m-ba (“on the other side”), Tibetan ཕ (pha, “beyond, farther on, onward”). Maybe related to 彼 (OC *pralʔ, “that”). Pulleyblank (1995) relates the introductory particle sense with 凡 (OC *bom).

In the sense "is it not?", probably a contraction of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ') and 乎 (OC *ɢaː) (Pulleyblank, 1995, p. 145).

Pronunciation

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Note: hu7 - sentence-final..

Rime
Character 夫
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 並 (3)
Final (韻) 虞 (24)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 防無切
Baxter bju
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/bɨo/
Pan
Wuyun
/bio/
Shao
Rongfen
/bio/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/buə̆/
Li
Rong
/bio/
Wang
Li
/bĭu/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/bʱi̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
fú
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
fu4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 夫 夫
Reading # 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
fú fú
Middle
Chinese
‹ bju › ‹ bju ›
Old
Chinese
/*[b]a/ /*ba/
English this, that final particle

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 夫
Reading # 2/2
No. 3281
Phonetic
component
夫
Rime
group
魚
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
扶
Old
Chinese
/*ba/

Definitions

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夫 (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese)

  1. A generic personal pronoun – he; she; it; they.
  2. A generic demonstrative pronoun – this; that; these; those.
  3. Sentence-initial particle which introduces a topic.
  4. Sentence-final particle, meaning “Is it not?”.
  5. Meaningless particle in the middle of a sentence.
Synonyms
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Compounds

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Etymology 3

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For pronunciation and definitions of 夫 – see 伕.
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 伕).
Notes:

Etymology 4

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Short for 夫佬 (fu1 lou2).

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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夫

  1. (Cantonese, informal, card games) full house

Compounds

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References

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  1. ^ 裘錫圭 『文字学概要』 商務印書館、1988年、3、122頁。
    張世超、孫凌安、金国泰、馬如森 『金文形義通解』 中文出版社、1996年、2502-2505頁。
    黄徳寛主編 『古文字譜系疏証』 商務印書館、2007年、1638-1640頁。
    林志強等評注 『《文源》評注』 中国社会科学出版社、2017年、2頁。
    陳剣 「釈“瓜”」 『出土文献与古文字研究』第9輯 復旦大学出土文献与古文字研究中心編、上海古籍出版社、2020年、95頁。
  2. ^ 羅振玉 『増訂殷虚書契考釈』 東方学会、1927年、巻下30頁。
    于省吾主編 『甲骨文字詁林』 中華書局、1996年、215-217頁。

Japanese

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Kanji

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夫

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. man
  2. husband
  3. that, those

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
夫
おっと
Grade: 4
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
良人

Shift from older unattested 男(を)人(ひと) (wofito), synchronically analyzable as a compound of 男(を) (wo → o, “male, man”) + 人(ひと) (fito → hito, “person”).[1][2][3]

Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *wopitə, with many Ryukyuan cognates.

First attested in roughly 1220.[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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夫(おっと) • (otto) ←をつと (wotuto)?

  1. [from 1220] husband

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
夫
つま
Grade: 4
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
妻

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712.[6]

Cognate with 端 (tsuma, “edge, side of something”), from the sense of "person by one's side".[6][2]

Generally spelled 夫 in reference to a husband and 妻 in reference to a wife.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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夫(つま) • (tsuma) 

  1. [from 712] spouse, consort
    Coordinate terms: 妻 (tsuma, “wife”), 夫 (otto, “husband”)
Usage notes
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In modern usage, the term tsuma is usually reserved for the sense wife, and is therefore spelled 妻 in kanji, while husband is usually expressed using the term 夫 (otto).[5]

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
夫
お
Grade: 4
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 夫 – see the following entry.
【雄お】S
[noun] (obsolete in isolation) man, male
[noun] (obsolete) husband
[noun] something large, powerful, or otherwise masculine
[noun] yang (as opposed to yin)
Alternative spellings
男, 牡
(This term, 夫, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “夫・良人・所天”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 “夫”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 “妻・夫”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 夫 (MC pju). Recorded as Middle Korean 부 (pwu) (Yale: pwu) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

夫 (eumhun 사나이 부 (sanai bu))

  1. hanja form? of 부 (“man; husband”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [6]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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夫: Hán Nôm readings: phu

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.