multus

Esperanto

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmultus/
• Rhymes: -ultus
• Syllabification: mul‧tus

Verb

multus

1. conditional of multi

Latin

Alternative forms

• moltus (Old Latin)

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *moltos, further origin uncertain. Possibly from the same root as melior (“better”), itself of uncertain origin: proposed cognates in other languages include Ancient Greek μάλα (mála, “very, much”) and the very rare Latvian milns (“very many”). Per De Vaan, the form *moltos could develop regularly from either Proto-Indo-European *ml̥-tos or *mol-tos (“good, big(?)”), presumably composed of a root *mel- and the suffix *-tós, but this derivation remains speculative and is not universally accepted.

Alternatively, Prósper 2016 proposes a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ml̥h₃-tόs, from *melh₃-, whence also Ancient Greek βλώσκω (blṓskō) and perhaps Venetic Moltisa. Hoewever, by generally accepted sound changes, the expected outcome of Proto-Indo-European *ml̥h₃-tόs in Latin would be *mlātus (see lātus). Prósper proposes a special sound change that deleted a laryngeal in the context *Cl̥HC- if the first consonant was labial and the second consonant was a stop.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈmʊɫ.tʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈmul.tus]

Adjective

multus (feminine multa, neuter multum, comparative plūs, superlative plūrimus or plūrumus, adverb multō); first/second-declension adjective

1. (in the singular) much
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Vergilius, Aeneis 4.3-4:

     Multa virī virtūs animō multusque recursat / gentis honōs [...].

     The hero’s [great] valor and [high] noble birth returns to [Dido’s] thought again and again.
     (An example of polyptoton: Here, multa . . . multusque can be understood both adjectivally and predicatively, and can modify viri virtus and gentis honos as well as recursat. In the Aeneid, cf.: 1.3-5: multum … multa; and 1.750: multa … multa.)

2. (in the plural) many

Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

	singular				plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	multus	multa	multum		multī	multae	multa
genitive	multī	multae	multī		multōrum	multārum	multōrum
dative	multō	multae	multō		multīs
accusative	multum	multam	multum		multōs	multās	multa
ablative	multō	multā	multō		multīs
vocative	multe	multa	multum		multī	multae	multa

Derived terms

• multa
• multilaterālis
• multitūdō
• multō
• multum
• permultus

Descendants

• Aragonese: muito
• Aromanian: multu
• Catalan: molt
• Dalmatian: mult, muolt
• Emilian: móllt, môlt
• Extremaduran: munchu
• Friulian: molt
• Interlingua: multe, multo
• Italian: molto
• Neapolitan: muto
• Old French: molt, mult, mout
  • French: moult
• Megleno-Romanian: mult
• Old Leonese: mucho, muyto, muyt, muy, mui
  • Asturian: munchu, mui, (Central) mu, (Southwestern) muitu
  • Leonese: munchu, (Western) muitu, (Cabreira) mueitu
  • Mirandese: muito
• Old Galician-Portuguese: muito, mui
  • Galician: moito, moi
  • Portuguese: muito, mui
• Romagnol: molt
• Romanian: mult
• Old Spanish: muito, mucho, muy
  • Spanish: mucho, muy
  • Ladino: muncho, muy
• Sicilian: mutu
• Venetan: móndo
• Walloon: molt

Further reading

• “multus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “multus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "multus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “multus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎^[3], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) the day is already far advanced: multus dies or multa lux est
    
  • a long conversation: multus sermo
    
  • not to be prolix: ne longus, multus sim
    
  • not to be diffuse on such a well-known subject: ne in re nota et pervulgata multus sim
    
  • (ambiguous) our generation has seen many victories: nostra aetas multas victorias vidit
    
  • (ambiguous) to foresee the far distant future: futura or casus futuros (multo ante) prospicere
    
  • (ambiguous) the day is already far advanced: multus dies or multa lux est
    
  • (ambiguous) till late at night: ad multam noctem
    
  • (ambiguous) late at night: multa de nocte
    
  • (ambiguous) Homer lived many years before the foundation of Rome: Homerus fuit multis annis ante Romam conditam
    
  • (ambiguous) with many tears: multis cum lacrimis
    
  • (ambiguous) I was induced by several considerations to..: multae causae me impulerunt ad aliquid or ut...
    
  • (ambiguous) in many respects; in many points: multis rebus or locis
    
  • (ambiguous) to contribute much towards...; to affect considerably; to be instrumental in..: multum valere ad aliquid
    
  • (ambiguous) to contribute much towards...; to affect considerably; to be instrumental in..: multum afferre ad aliquid
    
  • (ambiguous) to experience the ups and downs of life: multis casibus iactari
    
  • (ambiguous) to be severely tried by misfortune: multis iniquitatibus exerceri
    
  • (ambiguous) to considerably (in no way) further the common good: multum (nihil) ad communem utilitatem afferre
    
  • (ambiguous) to be highly favoured by; to be influential with..: multum valere gratia apud aliquem
    
  • (ambiguous) to consider of importance; to set much (some) store by a thing: multum (aliquid) alicui rei tribuere
    
  • (ambiguous) to value, esteem a person: multum alicui tribuere
    
  • (ambiguous) to have great influence with a person; to have considerable weight: multum auctoritate valere, posse apud aliquem
    
  • (ambiguous) to have great influence with a person; to have considerable weight: alicuius auctoritas multum valet apud aliquem
    
  • (ambiguous) to expend great labour on a thing: egregiam operam (multum, plus etc. operae) dare alicui rei
    
  • (ambiguous) to exert oneself very energetically in a matter: multum operae ac laboris consumere in aliqua re
    
  • (ambiguous) to be involved in many undertakings; to be much occupied, embarrassed, overwhelmed by business-claims: multis negotiis implicatum, districtum, distentum, obrutum esse
    
  • (ambiguous) to possess great ability: intellegentia or mente multum valere
    
  • (ambiguous) to have a good memory: memoriā (multum) valere (opp. memoriā vacillare)
    
  • (ambiguous) varied, manifold experience: multarum rerum usus
    
  • (ambiguous) he has had many painful experiences: multa acerba expertus est
    
  • (ambiguous) to be well (slightly) acquainted with Greek literature: multum (mediocriter) in graecis litteris versari
    
  • (ambiguous) to be well-informed, erudite: multa cognita, percepta habere, multa didicisse
    
  • (ambiguous) to be well-informed, erudite: multarum rerum cognitione imbutum esse (opp. litterarum or eruditionis expertem esse or [rerum] rudem esse)
    
  • (ambiguous) for a Roman he is decidedly well educated: sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae (De Sen. 4. 12)
    
  • (ambiguous) to enjoy close intercourse with... (of master and pupil): multum esse cum aliquo (Fam. 16. 21)
    
  • (ambiguous) to collect, accumulate instances: multa exempla in unum (locum) colligere
    
  • (ambiguous) to have great weight as a speaker: multum dicendo valere, posse
    
  • (ambiguous) to go deeply into a matter, discuss it fully: multa verba facere
    
  • (ambiguous) to go deeply into a matter, discuss it fully: multum, nimium esse (in aliqua re) (De Or. 2. 4. 17)
    
  • (ambiguous) he has made several mistakes: saepe (crebro, multa) peccavit, erravit, lapsus est
    
  • (ambiguous) to make extracts from Cicero's writings: aliquid, multa ex Ciceronis libris excerpere (not excerpere librum)
    
  • (ambiguous) we are united by many mutual obligations: multa et magna inter nos officia intercedunt (Fam. 13. 65)
    
  • (ambiguous) to talk of a subject which was then the common topic of conversation: in eum sermonem incidere, qui tum fere multis erat in ore
    
  • (ambiguous) to prolong a conversation far into the night: sermonem producere in multam noctem (Rep. 6. 10. 10)
    
  • (ambiguous) much money: pecunia magna, grandis (multum pecuniae)
    
  • (ambiguous) one of the crowd; a mere individual: unus de or e multis
    
  • (ambiguous) to be always considering what people think: multum communi hominum opinioni tribuere
    
  • (ambiguous) to obtain many (few) votes in a century or tribe: multa (pauca) puncta in centuria (tribu) aliqua ferre
    
  • (ambiguous) to impose a fine (used of the prosecutor or the tribunus plebis proposing a fine to be ratified by the people): multam irrogare alicui (Cic. Dom. 17. 45)
    
  • (ambiguous) a large force, many troops: magnae copiae (not multae)
    
  • (ambiguous) after many had been wounded on both sides: multis et illatis et acceptis vulneribus (B. G. 1. 50)
    
  • (ambiguous) the victory cost much blood and many wounds, was very dearly bought: victoria multo sanguine ac vulneribus stetit (Liv. 23. 30)
    
  • (ambiguous) to have a powerful navy: rebus maritimis multum valere
    
  • (ambiguous) in short; to be brief: ne multa, quid plura? sed quid opus est plura?
    
• multus in Ramminger, Johann (16 July 2016 (last accessed)), Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[4], pre-publication website, 2005-2016