-us

-y, -ful, -ous, -ose (an adjective-forming suffix meaning ‘full of’ or ‘characterized by’ something; often conveys abundance or a plentiful amount of the base noun)
Antonym: -po

‎kemuna (“hair, fur”) + ‎-us → ‎kemunaus (“hairy, fluffy”)

‎upas (“snow”) + ‎-us → ‎upasus (“snowy”)

‎turu (“filth, dirty”) + ‎-us → ‎turuus (“horrendous, disgusting”)

Derived terms

Category Ainu terms suffixed with -us not found

Cornish

Etymology

From Middle Cornish -us, from Old Cornish -us, from Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus. Cognate with Breton and Welsh -us.

Suffix

-us (adjective-forming suffix)

Forms adjectives; -ous, -ful, -y, -ive etc.
‎peryl (“danger”) + ‎-us → ‎peryllus (“dangerous”)

‎liw (“colour”) + ‎-us → ‎liwus (“colourful”)

Derived terms

Esperanto

Etymology

The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, and -us are related and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:

This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)

In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to -u.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /us/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -us
Syllabification: -us

Suffix

-us

Ending of the conditional in verbs.

Estonian

Etymology

A merger of Proto-Finnic *-us (in the first sense) and Proto-Finnic *-uc (in the second sense). Cognate with Finnish -us.

Suffix

-us (genitive -use, partitive -ust)

Derives nouns from verbs.
‎armastama (“to love”) + ‎-us → ‎armastus (“love”)

‎võistlema (“to compete”) + ‎-us → ‎võistlus (“competition”)

‎joonistama (“to draw”) + ‎-us → ‎joonistus (“drawing”)
Derives nouns from adjectives.
‎aus (“honest”) + ‎-us → ‎ausus (“honesty”)

‎pikk (“long”) + ‎-us → ‎pikkus (“length”)

Declension

Declension of -us (ÕS type 11/harjutus, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-us	-used
accusative	nom.	-us
accusative	gen.	-use
genitive		-use	-uste
partitive		-ust	-usi
illative		-usse -usesse	-ustesse -usisse
inessive		-uses	-ustes -usis
elative		-usest	-ustest -usist
allative		-usele	-ustele -usile
adessive		-usel	-ustel -usil
ablative		-uselt	-ustelt -usilt
translative		-useks	-usteks -usiks
terminative		-useni	-usteni
essive		-usena	-ustena
abessive		-useta	-usteta
comitative		-usega	-ustega

Declension of -us (ÕS type 9/katus, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-us	-used
accusative	nom.	-us
accusative	gen.	-use
genitive		-use	-uste
partitive		-ust	-useid
illative		-usesse	-ustesse -useisse
inessive		-uses	-ustes -useis
elative		-usest	-ustest -useist
allative		-usele	-ustele -useile
adessive		-usel	-ustel -useil
ablative		-uselt	-ustelt -useilt
translative		-useks	-usteks -useiks
terminative		-useni	-usteni
essive		-usena	-ustena
abessive		-useta	-usteta
comitative		-usega	-ustega

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -us

Finnish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-us, partly equivalent to -u +‎ -s, and partly generalized from (what were originally) -s-derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. ihastua → ihastus, menestyä → menestys).^[1] Compare -os.

Suffix

-us (front-vowel variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)

Forms nouns from verbs, describing an action, event or a result of that action.
‎kuvata (“to describe”) + ‎-us → ‎kuvaus (“description”)

‎pakata (“to pack”) + ‎-us → ‎pakkaus (“package”)

‎ylentää (“to promote”) + ‎-ys → ‎ylennys (“promotion”)

‎hälyttää (“to alarm”) + ‎-ys → ‎hälytys (“alarm”)

Usage notes

With -ahtaa (momentane) verbs, the final -ht- may disappear entirely (through *-AhdUs > *-AhUs (regular loss in e.g. eastern dialects) > *-AUs). This has led to -AUs (-aus/-äys) becoming its own pseudo-suffix. Often both variants, one with -AhdUs and one with -AUs, exist in parallel.

Declension

Inflection of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
nominative		-us	-ukset
genitive		-uksen	-usten -uksien
partitive		-usta	-uksia
illative		-ukseen	-uksiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-us	-ukset
accusative	nom.	-us	-ukset
accusative	gen.	-uksen	-ukset
genitive		-uksen	-usten -uksien
partitive		-usta	-uksia
inessive		-uksessa	-uksissa
elative		-uksesta	-uksista
illative		-ukseen	-uksiin
adessive		-uksella	-uksilla
ablative		-ukselta	-uksilta
allative		-ukselle	-uksille
essive		-uksena	-uksina
translative		-ukseksi	-uksiksi
abessive		-uksetta	-uksitta
instructive		—	-uksin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-ukseni	-ukseni
accusative	nom.	-ukseni	-ukseni
accusative	gen.	-ukseni	-ukseni
genitive		-ukseni	-usteni -uksieni
partitive		-ustani	-uksiani
inessive		-uksessani	-uksissani
elative		-uksestani	-uksistani
illative		-ukseeni	-uksiini
adessive		-uksellani	-uksillani
ablative		-ukseltani	-uksiltani
allative		-ukselleni	-uksilleni
essive		-uksenani	-uksinani
translative		-uksekseni	-uksikseni
abessive		-uksettani	-uksittani
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-uksineni

second-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-uksesi	-uksesi
accusative	nom.	-uksesi	-uksesi
accusative	gen.	-uksesi	-uksesi
genitive		-uksesi	-ustesi -uksiesi
partitive		-ustasi	-uksiasi
inessive		-uksessasi	-uksissasi
elative		-uksestasi	-uksistasi
illative		-ukseesi	-uksiisi
adessive		-uksellasi	-uksillasi
ablative		-ukseltasi	-uksiltasi
allative		-uksellesi	-uksillesi
essive		-uksenasi	-uksinasi
translative		-ukseksesi	-uksiksesi
abessive		-uksettasi	-uksittasi
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-uksinesi

first-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-uksemme	-uksemme
accusative	nom.	-uksemme	-uksemme
accusative	gen.	-uksemme	-uksemme
genitive		-uksemme	-ustemme -uksiemme
partitive		-ustamme	-uksiamme
inessive		-uksessamme	-uksissamme
elative		-uksestamme	-uksistamme
illative		-ukseemme	-uksiimme
adessive		-uksellamme	-uksillamme
ablative		-ukseltamme	-uksiltamme
allative		-uksellemme	-uksillemme
essive		-uksenamme	-uksinamme
translative		-ukseksemme	-uksiksemme
abessive		-uksettamme	-uksittamme
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-uksinemme

second-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-uksenne	-uksenne
accusative	nom.	-uksenne	-uksenne
accusative	gen.	-uksenne	-uksenne
genitive		-uksenne	-ustenne -uksienne
partitive		-ustanne	-uksianne
inessive		-uksessanne	-uksissanne
elative		-uksestanne	-uksistanne
illative		-ukseenne	-uksiinne
adessive		-uksellanne	-uksillanne
ablative		-ukseltanne	-uksiltanne
allative		-uksellenne	-uksillenne
essive		-uksenanne	-uksinanne
translative		-ukseksenne	-uksiksenne
abessive		-uksettanne	-uksittanne
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-uksinenne

third-person possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-uksensa	-uksensa
accusative	nom.	-uksensa	-uksensa
accusative	gen.	-uksensa	-uksensa
genitive		-uksensa	-ustensa -uksiensa
partitive		-ustaan -ustansa	-uksiaan -uksiansa
inessive		-uksessaan -uksessansa	-uksissaan -uksissansa
elative		-uksestaan -uksestansa	-uksistaan -uksistansa
illative		-ukseensa	-uksiinsa
adessive		-uksellaan -uksellansa	-uksillaan -uksillansa
ablative		-ukseltaan -ukseltansa	-uksiltaan -uksiltansa
allative		-ukselleen -uksellensa	-uksilleen -uksillensa
essive		-uksenaan -uksenansa	-uksinaan -uksinansa
translative		-uksekseen -ukseksensa	-uksikseen -uksiksensa
abessive		-uksettaan -uksettansa	-uksittaan -uksittansa
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-uksineen -uksinensa

Alternative forms

-tus (used with the verb types rohkaista (66) and valita (69))

Synonyms

-mus (used with the verb types sallia (61), and in some cases, sanoa (52) and muistaa (53))

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -us (action)

References

^ Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-us. Probably generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem nominals (e.g. etu- → edus, palvelu → palvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g. keski- → dial. kesku- → keskus), and thus identical to -us (etymology 1). In some cases potentially by confusion with -uus, -us (etymology 3).^[1] Alternatively from Proto-Uralic *-wekse.^[2]

Suffix

-us (front-vowel variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)

Forms nouns, indicating resemblance or association.
‎kanta (“base, heel”) + ‎-us → ‎kannus (“spur”)

‎sormi (“finger”) + ‎-us → ‎sormus (“ring”)

‎vasta- (“counter-”) + ‎-us → ‎vastus (“resistance, opposition”)

‎kehä (“circle, ring”) + ‎-ys → ‎kehys (“frame”)

‎syli (“bosom, lap”) + ‎-ys → ‎sylys (“armful”)

‎typerä (“stupid”) + ‎-ys → ‎typerys (“fool”)

Declension

Inflection of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
nominative		-us	-ukset
genitive		-uksen	-usten -uksien
partitive		-usta	-uksia
illative		-ukseen	-uksiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-us	-ukset
accusative	nom.	-us	-ukset
accusative	gen.	-uksen	-ukset
genitive		-uksen	-usten -uksien
partitive		-usta	-uksia
inessive		-uksessa	-uksissa
elative		-uksesta	-uksista
illative		-ukseen	-uksiin
adessive		-uksella	-uksilla
ablative		-ukselta	-uksilta
allative		-ukselle	-uksille
essive		-uksena	-uksina
translative		-ukseksi	-uksiksi
abessive		-uksetta	-uksitta
instructive		—	-uksin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-ukseni	-ukseni
accusative	nom.	-ukseni	-ukseni
accusative	gen.	-ukseni	-ukseni
genitive		-ukseni	-usteni -uksieni
partitive		-ustani	-uksiani
inessive		-uksessani	-uksissani
elative		-uksestani	-uksistani
illative		-ukseeni	-uksiini
adessive		-uksellani	-uksillani
ablative		-ukseltani	-uksiltani
allative		-ukselleni	-uksilleni
essive		-uksenani	-uksinani
translative		-uksekseni	-uksikseni
abessive		-uksettani	-uksittani
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-uksineni

second-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-uksesi	-uksesi
accusative	nom.	-uksesi	-uksesi
accusative	gen.	-uksesi	-uksesi
genitive		-uksesi	-ustesi -uksiesi
partitive		-ustasi	-uksiasi
inessive		-uksessasi	-uksissasi
elative		-uksestasi	-uksistasi
illative		-ukseesi	-uksiisi
adessive		-uksellasi	-uksillasi
ablative		-ukseltasi	-uksiltasi
allative		-uksellesi	-uksillesi
essive		-uksenasi	-uksinasi
translative		-ukseksesi	-uksiksesi
abessive		-uksettasi	-uksittasi
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-uksinesi

first-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-uksemme	-uksemme
accusative	nom.	-uksemme	-uksemme
accusative	gen.	-uksemme	-uksemme
genitive		-uksemme	-ustemme -uksiemme
partitive		-ustamme	-uksiamme
inessive		-uksessamme	-uksissamme
elative		-uksestamme	-uksistamme
illative		-ukseemme	-uksiimme
adessive		-uksellamme	-uksillamme
ablative		-ukseltamme	-uksiltamme
allative		-uksellemme	-uksillemme
essive		-uksenamme	-uksinamme
translative		-ukseksemme	-uksiksemme
abessive		-uksettamme	-uksittamme
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-uksinemme

second-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-uksenne	-uksenne
accusative	nom.	-uksenne	-uksenne
accusative	gen.	-uksenne	-uksenne
genitive		-uksenne	-ustenne -uksienne
partitive		-ustanne	-uksianne
inessive		-uksessanne	-uksissanne
elative		-uksestanne	-uksistanne
illative		-ukseenne	-uksiinne
adessive		-uksellanne	-uksillanne
ablative		-ukseltanne	-uksiltanne
allative		-uksellenne	-uksillenne
essive		-uksenanne	-uksinanne
translative		-ukseksenne	-uksiksenne
abessive		-uksettanne	-uksittanne
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-uksinenne

third-person possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-uksensa	-uksensa
accusative	nom.	-uksensa	-uksensa
accusative	gen.	-uksensa	-uksensa
genitive		-uksensa	-ustensa -uksiensa
partitive		-ustaan -ustansa	-uksiaan -uksiansa
inessive		-uksessaan -uksessansa	-uksissaan -uksissansa
elative		-uksestaan -uksestansa	-uksistaan -uksistansa
illative		-ukseensa	-uksiinsa
adessive		-uksellaan -uksellansa	-uksillaan -uksillansa
ablative		-ukseltaan -ukseltansa	-uksiltaan -uksiltansa
allative		-ukselleen -uksellensa	-uksilleen -uksillensa
essive		-uksenaan -uksenansa	-uksinaan -uksinansa
translative		-uksekseen -ukseksensa	-uksikseen -uksiksensa
abessive		-uksettaan -uksettansa	-uksittaan -uksittansa
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-uksineen -uksinensa

Derived terms

References

^ Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.
^ Ante Aikio (24 March 2022), “Proto-Uralic”, in Marianne Bakró-Nagy, Johanna Laakso, Elena Skribnik, editors, The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 19 of 3–27

Etymology 3

See the etymology of -uus.

Suffix

-us (front-vowel variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)

alternative form of -uus (used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel)

Declension

Inflection of -us (Kotus type 40*F/kalleus, t–d gradation)
nominative		-us	-udet
genitive		-uden	-uksien
partitive		-utta	-uksia
illative		-uteen	-uksiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-us	-udet
accusative	nom.	-us	-udet
accusative	gen.	-uden	-udet
genitive		-uden	-uksien
partitive		-utta	-uksia
inessive		-udessa	-uksissa
elative		-udesta	-uksista
illative		-uteen	-uksiin
adessive		-udella	-uksilla
ablative		-udelta	-uksilta
allative		-udelle	-uksille
essive		-utena	-uksina
translative		-udeksi	-uksiksi
abessive		-udetta	-uksitta
instructive		—	-uksin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 40*F/kalleus, t–d gradation)

first-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-uteni	-uteni
accusative	nom.	-uteni	-uteni
accusative	gen.	-uteni	-uteni
genitive		-uteni	-uksieni
partitive		-uttani	-uksiani
inessive		-udessani	-uksissani
elative		-udestani	-uksistani
illative		-uteeni	-uksiini
adessive		-udellani	-uksillani
ablative		-udeltani	-uksiltani
allative		-udelleni	-uksilleni
essive		-utenani	-uksinani
translative		-udekseni	-uksikseni
abessive		-udettani	-uksittani
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-uksineni

second-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-utesi	-utesi
accusative	nom.	-utesi	-utesi
accusative	gen.	-utesi	-utesi
genitive		-utesi	-uksiesi
partitive		-uttasi	-uksiasi
inessive		-udessasi	-uksissasi
elative		-udestasi	-uksistasi
illative		-uteesi	-uksiisi
adessive		-udellasi	-uksillasi
ablative		-udeltasi	-uksiltasi
allative		-udellesi	-uksillesi
essive		-utenasi	-uksinasi
translative		-udeksesi	-uksiksesi
abessive		-udettasi	-uksittasi
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-uksinesi

first-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-utemme	-utemme
accusative	nom.	-utemme	-utemme
accusative	gen.	-utemme	-utemme
genitive		-utemme	-uksiemme
partitive		-uttamme	-uksiamme
inessive		-udessamme	-uksissamme
elative		-udestamme	-uksistamme
illative		-uteemme	-uksiimme
adessive		-udellamme	-uksillamme
ablative		-udeltamme	-uksiltamme
allative		-udellemme	-uksillemme
essive		-utenamme	-uksinamme
translative		-udeksemme	-uksiksemme
abessive		-udettamme	-uksittamme
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-uksinemme

second-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-utenne	-utenne
accusative	nom.	-utenne	-utenne
accusative	gen.	-utenne	-utenne
genitive		-utenne	-uksienne
partitive		-uttanne	-uksianne
inessive		-udessanne	-uksissanne
elative		-udestanne	-uksistanne
illative		-uteenne	-uksiinne
adessive		-udellanne	-uksillanne
ablative		-udeltanne	-uksiltanne
allative		-udellenne	-uksillenne
essive		-utenanne	-uksinanne
translative		-udeksenne	-uksiksenne
abessive		-udettanne	-uksittanne
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-uksinenne

third-person possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		-utensa	-utensa
accusative	nom.	-utensa	-utensa
accusative	gen.	-utensa	-utensa
genitive		-utensa	-uksiensa
partitive		-uttaan -uttansa	-uksiaan -uksiansa
inessive		-udessaan -udessansa	-uksissaan -uksissansa
elative		-udestaan -udestansa	-uksistaan -uksistansa
illative		-uteensa	-uksiinsa
adessive		-udellaan -udellansa	-uksillaan -uksillansa
ablative		-udeltaan -udeltansa	-uksiltaan -uksiltansa
allative		-udelleen -udellensa	-uksilleen -uksillensa
essive		-utenaan -utenansa	-uksinaan -uksinansa
translative		-udekseen -udeksensa	-uksikseen -uksiksensa
abessive		-udettaan -udettansa	-uksittaan -uksittansa
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	-uksineen -uksinensa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -us (quality)

Anagrams

su

Hungarian

Etymology

From -u (diminutive suffix) +‎ -s (diminutive suffix).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [uʃ]

Suffix

-us

(diminutive suffix) Added to a proper noun or other nouns to create a diminutive noun.
Teréz (“Theresa”) → Terus (“Tess”)

apa (“father”) → apus (“dad”)

cica (“cat”) → cicus (“kitty”)

kutya (“dog”) → kutyus (“pooch, puppy”)
A distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns. It cannot be considered as an independent Hungarian suffix.
agronómus (“agronomist”)

Usage notes

(diminutive suffix): It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people’s given names, but also of common nouns, usually from ones ending in -a. Other examples: Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The -ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after -us to further increase the degree of endearment: apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska.

Derived terms

Hungarian diminutive nouns suffixed with -us

Hungarian nouns suffixed with -us (Latinate)

Hungarian proper noun clippings suffixed with -us

References

Attila Mártonfi: The System of the Hungarian Suffixes, Theses of PhD Dissertation, Budapest, 2006

^ -us in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

Ingrian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-us/, [-uz̠]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-us/, [-uʒ̥]

Suffix

-us (front vowel variant -ys)

Forms nouns denoting resemblance.
‎pääl (“above”) + ‎-us → ‎päälys (“surface”)

Declension

Declension of -us (type 2/petos, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-us	-ukset
genitive	-uksen	-uksiin
partitive	-usta, -ust	-uksia
illative	-uksee	-uksii
inessive	-uksees	-uksiis
elative	-uksest	-uksist
allative	-ukselle	-uksille
adessive	-ukseel	-uksiil
ablative	-ukselt	-uksilt
translative	-ukseks	-uksiks
essive	-uksenna, -ukseen	-uksinna, -uksiin
exessive¹⁾	-uksent	-uksint
¹⁾ obsolete ^) the accusative* corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) ^) the comitative** is formed by adding the suffix -ka^? or -kä^? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-us/, [-uz̠]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-us/, [-uʒ̥]

Suffix

-us (front vowel variant -ys)

alternative form of -uus

Declension

Declension of -us (type 2/oikehus, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-us	-uet
genitive	-uen	-uksiin
partitive	-utta	-uksia
illative	-uee	-uksii
inessive	-uees	-uksiis
elative	-uest	-uksist
allative	-uelle	-uksille
adessive	-ueel	-uksiil
ablative	-uelt	-uksilt
translative	-ueks	-uksiks
essive	-uenna, -ueen	-uksinna, -uksiin
exessive¹⁾	-uent	-uksint
¹⁾ obsolete ^) the accusative* corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) ^) the comitative** is formed by adding the suffix -ka^? or -kä^? to the genitive.

Derived terms

References

V. I. Junus (1936), Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎^[3], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 57

Latin

Pronunciation

-us:
- (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ʊs]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [us]
-ūs:
- (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [uːs]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [us]

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-os

Proto-Indo-European *-ós

Proto-Indo-European *-os

Proto-Italic *-os

Archaic Latin -os

Latin -us

From Old Latin and Archaic Latin -os, from Proto-Italic *-os, from Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ος (-os), Proto-Germanic *-az, Icelandic -ur, Sanskrit -अः (-aḥ), Proto-Slavic *-ъ.

Suffix

-us m or f or n (genitive -ī); second declension

usual nominative singular ending of second-declension masculine nouns or adjectives
2. (somewhat popular) used as a derivational suffix to form compound agent nouns
  ‎piscis (“fish”) + ‎capiō (“to grasp, catch”) + ‎-us → ‎piscicapus (“a fishcatcher, fisher”)
  
  ‎via (“road; way”) + ‎cūrō (“to take care”) + ‎-us → ‎viocūrus (“a road overseer”)
4. (New Latin) used to Latinize names (generally male) that end in consonants
  ‎Kepler + ‎-us → ‎Keplerus
(rare) usual nominative singular ending of second declension feminine nouns
(very rare) nominative/accusative singular ending of a handful of second declension neuter nouns:
vīrus (“a poisonous or acrid secretion”); vulgus (“common people”); pelagus (“sea”)

Usage notes

A number of second-declension nouns and adjectives end in -er rather than -us in the masculine nominative singular. All such words have stems that end in -er- or in a consonant + -r-, such as liber (stem libr-), alabaster (stem alabastr-), puer (stem puer-)). These words also omit the ending -e in the vocative singular. A few of these words, such as puer, have alternative nominative and vocative singular forms that end in -us and -e instead.

A few exceptional words have a second-declension masculine nominative singular that ends in -r- preceded by a short vowel other than -e-, such as the noun vir and the adjective satur. These likewise form their vocative singular identically to the nominative singular (without adding -e).

Declension

Second-declension noun or adjective, with locative.

	singular	plural
nominative	-us	-ī
genitive	-ī	-ōrum
dative	-ō	-īs
accusative	-um	-ōs
ablative	-ō	-īs
vocative	-e	-ī
locative	-ī	-īs

Second-declension noun (neuter, nominative/accusative/vocative in -us), singular only.

	singular
nominative	-us
genitive	-ī
dative	-ō
accusative	-us
ablative	-ō
vocative	-us

Note: Plural forms exist for New Latin vīrus and, though rare, classical pelagus.

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -us (agent noun)

Suffix

-us (feminine -a, neuter -um); first/second-declension suffix

used to derive adjectives from other parts of speech
2. suffixed to noun stems
  2. derives adjectives (often compound) with a sense like "having (noun)"; most productive in New Latin
    Synonym: -is
    
    Near-synonym: -ātus
    
    ‎bī- (“two”) + ‎hiems (“winter”) + ‎-us → ‎bīmus (“two-year-old”)
    
    ‎in- (privative prefix) + ‎animus (“soul, life”) + ‎-us → ‎inanimus (“lifeless, inanimate”)
  4. (rare) derives relational adjectives
    Synonyms: -icus; -eus, -īnus
    
    ‎Hibēr (“Iberian”, noun) + ‎-us → ‎Hibērus (“Iberian”, adjective)
    
    ‎Marōnēa (“the Thracian city of Maronea”) + ‎-us → ‎Marōnēus (“Maronean; of Maronea”)
    
    ‎vesper (“evening”) + ‎-us → ‎vesperus (“evening, of the evening”)
    
    ‎sūcinum (“amber”) + ‎-us → ‎sūcinus (“amber, of amber”)
4. -ing: suffixed to verb stems, derives adjectives (often compound) with a sense like "doing/that does (verb)"
  Synonym: -uus
  
  ‎invideō (“to be jealous of, envy; to look askance at (someone)”) + ‎-us → ‎invidus (“envious; hostile”)
  
  ‎sonō (“to sound”) + ‎-us → ‎-sonus (“-sounding”)
  
  ‎dīcō (“to say”) + ‎-us → ‎-dicus (“-saying”)

Usage notes

See notes above regarding the masculine nominative singular.
Adjectives in -us derived from verbs do not necessarily use the present stem: some use a distinct stem built on the verb's root, as in vēridicus (“truth-saying”) with different vowel length from dīcō because of ablaut, or saxifragus (“stone-breaking”), without the nasal infix of frangō.

Declension

First/second-declension adjective, with locative.

	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
	singular			plural
nominative	-us	-a	-um	-ī	-ae	-a
genitive	-ī	-ae	-ī	-ōrum	-ārum	-ōrum
dative	-ō	-ae	-ō	-īs
accusative	-um	-am	-um	-ōs	-ās	-a
ablative	-ō	-ā	-ō	-īs
vocative	-e	-a	-um	-ī	-ae	-a
locative	-ī	-ae	-ī	-īs

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Generally from Proto-Indo-European *-os (suffix forming neuter s-stem nouns from verbs), as in genus n from *ǵénh₁os n (“race”). Not a productive derivational suffix in historical Latin. (However, De Vaan cites pondus n and possibly vellus n as formations that may date to a prehistoric stage of the Latin language.^[1]) The plural and oblique case forms have -r- as the result of the sound change of rhotacism. Additionally, in many words, the oblique stem has the vowel -ĕ- (as in generis), which is generally taken to be the phonetically regular development of the Proto-Indo-European forms. Some words, such as decus, decoris, instead have -ŏ- in the oblique stem; this is the result of analogical introduction of the rounded vowel from the nominative/accusative singular form.

Suffix

-us n

nominative/accusative/vocative singular ending of some neuter nouns in the third declension

Usage notes

Most, but not all third-declension nouns that end in -us in the nominative singular are neuter. Exceptions include feminine Venus (“the goddess Venus”) and masculine lepus (“hare”). Venus, Veneris is feminine due to being used as the proper name of a female animate being, despite originally ending in the neuter noun-forming suffix (compare the cognate Sanskrit वन॑स् n (vánas, “loveliness, desire”)). The masculine noun lepus, leporis (“hare”) is of unknown etymology; as a rule, Latin animal names are almost never neuter.

Declension

Third-declension noun forms

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

	singular	plural
nominative	-us	-ora
genitive	-oris	-orum
dative	-orī	-oribus
accusative	-us	-ora
ablative	-ore	-oribus
vocative	-us	-ora

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

	singular	plural
nominative	-us	-era
genitive	-eris	-erum
dative	-erī	-eribus
accusative	-us	-era
ablative	-ere	-eribus
vocative	-us	-era

From the noun tempus, the locative forms temperī and temporī were used adverbially, as well as the ablative tempore.

Descendants

From the plural -ora:

Romanian: -uri (final vowel replaced due to analogy with feminine plural forms)^[2]^[3]
Sicilian: -ura, -ira, -ara^[4]

Etymology 3

Not a single suffix, but an ending of various miscellaneous origins. In most fourth-declension words, the final -us evolved from Old Latin -us, from Proto-Italic *-us, from Proto-Indo-European *-us as the final part of Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).

Suffix

-us m or f

nominative/vocative singular ending of non-neuter nouns in the fourth declension

Declension

Fourth-declension noun forms

Fourth-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	-us	-ūs
genitive	-ūs	-uum
dative	-uī	-ibus
accusative	-um	-ūs
ablative	-ū	-ibus
vocative	-us	-ūs

Fourth-declension noun (dative/ablative plural in -ubus).

	singular	plural
nominative	-us	-ūs
genitive	-ūs	-uum
dative	-uī	-ubus
accusative	-um	-ūs
ablative	-ū	-ubus
vocative	-us	-ūs

Suffix

-ūs

genitive singular ending of nouns in the fourth declension
nominative/vocative plural ending of non-neuter nouns in the fourth declension
accusative plural ending of non-neuter nouns in the fourth declension

Etymology 4

From Proto-Indo-European *-os, a genitive singular ending for athematic nouns (an o-grade alternative to e-grade *-es, which developed to the usual Latin third-declension genitive singular ending -is). Cognate to Ancient Greek -ος/-ός (-os/-ós) (third-declension genitive singular ending).

Suffix

-us

(rare, chiefly Old Latin) alternative genitive singular ending for nouns of the third declension
‎homō̆ + ‎-us → ‎hominus

‎honōs + ‎-us → ‎honōrus

‎Kastor + ‎-us → ‎Kastorus

‎nomen + ‎-us → ‎nominus

‎Venus + ‎-us → ‎Venerus

Usage notes

A relic form attested exclusively in inscriptions that are dated up through first-century AD graffiti in Pompeii. Its sparse attestations are not restricted to official texts: some examples are found in less elevated documents such as graffiti and pottery inscriptions. This suggests the ending may have initially survived to some extent in dialectal use. However, it may have been used as a stylistic archaism in legal contexts after it became obsolete in general.^[5] A genitive singular ending derived from *-os seems to have occurred in Faliscan as well as sporadically in Latin.^[6]

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “latus, -eris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 330
^ Nicolae, Andreea and Scontras, Gregory, 2015. "The Progression of Gender from Latin to Romanian," page 87
^ Maiden, Martin. January 2016. "Ambiguity in Romanian word-structure. The structure of plurals in ...uri" Revue Roumaine de Linguistique 61(1):3-12
^ Cruschina, Silvio (2021), “Language contact and morphological competition: Plurals in central Sicily”, in Word Structure‎^[1], volume 14, number 2, archived from the original on 17 June 2022, pages 174-194
^ Rovai, Francesco (2012), “On some Latin morphological (ir)regularities”, in Irregularity in Morphology (and beyond), pages 203-205
^ Coleman, Robert (1990), “Dialectal Variation in Republican Latin, with Special Reference to Praenestine”, in Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society‎^[2], number 36 (216), →ISSN, page 8

“-us” on page 2,108/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

Lithuanian

Etymology 1

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (“adjectival ending”). Pairs such as lañkas (“bend”) : lankùs (“flexible”) find parallels in Sanskrit रुधिर (rúdhira-, “blood”) : रुधिर (rudhirá-, “red”), Ancient Greek δόλιχος (dólikhos, “a long run”) : δολιχός (dolikhós, “long”) and suggest that oxytone stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and -as otherwise.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-ùs m stress pattern 4

Adjectival suffix, applied to verbal and nominal roots to denote a disposal or tendency towards something
ardýti (“take apart”) → ardùs (“crumbly”)

kalbėti (“talk”) → kalbùs (“talkative”)

Declension

Non-pronominal forms of **-ùs**
positive degree
neuter		-ù
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-ùs	-ūs		-i̇̀	-ios
genitive	-aũs	-ių̃		-iõs	-ių̃
dative	-iám	-i̇́ems		-iai	-ióms
accusative	-ų	-iùs		-ią	-iàs
instrumental	-iù	-iai̇̃s		-ià	-iomi̇̀s
locative	-iamè	-iuosè		-iojè	-iosè
vocative	-ùs	-ūs		-i̇̀	-ios

comparative degree
neuter		-iaũ
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-èsnis	-esni̇̀		-èsnė	-èsnės
genitive	-èsnio	-esnių̃		-esnė̃s	-esnių̃
dative	-esniám	-esni̇́ems		-èsnei	-esnė̃ms
accusative	-èsnį	-esniùs		-èsnę	-esnès
instrumental	-esniù	-esniai̇̃s		-esnè	-esnėmi̇̀s
locative	-esniamè	-esniuosè		-èsnėje	-esnėsè

superlative degree
neuter		-iáusia
	masculine				feminine
	singular	plural	singular		plural
nominative	-iáusias	-iáusi	-iáusia		-iáusios
genitive	-iáusio	-iáusių	-iáusios		-iáusių
dative	-iáusiam	-iáusiems	-iáusiai		-iáusioms
accusative	-iáusią	-iáusius	-iáusią		-iáusias
instrumental	-iáusiu	-iáusiais	-iáusia		-iáusiomis
locative	-iáusiame	-iáusiuose	-iáusioje		-iáusiose

Pronominal forms of **-ùs**
positive degree
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-ùsis	-i̇́eji		-ióji	-iosios
genitive	-iojo	-ių̃jų		-iõsios	-ių̃jų
dative	-iájam	-i̇́esiems		-iajai	-iósioms
accusative	-ųjį	-iúosius		-iąją	-ią́sias
instrumental	-iúoju	-iai̇̃siais		-ią́ja	-iõsiomis
locative	-iãjame	-iuõsiuose		-iõjoje	-iõsiose
vocative	-ùsis	-i̇́eji		-ióji	-iosios

comparative degree
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-esnỹsis	-esni̇́eji		-esnióji	-èsniosios
genitive	-èsniojo	-esnių̃jų		-esniõsios	-esnių̃jų
dative	-esniájam	-esni̇́esiems		-èsniajai	-esniósioms
accusative	-èsnįjį	-esniúosius		-èsniąją	-esnią́sias
instrumental	-esniúoju	-esniai̇̃siais		-esnią́ja	-esniõsiomis
locative	-esniãjame	-esniuõsiuose		-esniõjoje	-esniõsiose

superlative degree
	masculine				feminine
	singular	plural	singular		plural
nominative	-iáusiasis	-iáusieji	-iáusioji		-iáusiosios
genitive	-iáusiojo	-iáusiųjų	-iáusiosios		-iáusiųjų
dative	-iáusiajam	-iáusiesiems	-iáusiajai		-iáusiosioms
accusative	-iáusiąjį	-iáusiuosius	-iáusiąją		-iáusiąsias
instrumental	-iáusiuoju	-iáusiaisiais	-iáusiąja		-iáusiosiomis
locative	-iáusiajame	-iáusiuosiuose	-iáusiojoje		-iáusiosiose

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-us, -ùs m

Masculine nominal singular ending for u-stem nouns and adjectives.
alùs (“beer”) (< Proto-Indo-European *h₂elu-)

sūnùs (“son”) (< Proto-Indo-European *suHnús)

Declension

(noun):

Declension of **-ùs**
	singular	plural
nominative	-ùs	-ūs
genitive	-aũs	-ų̃
dative	-ui	-ùms
accusative	-ų	-ùs
instrumental	-umi̇̀	-umi̇̀s
locative	-ujè	-uosè
vocative	-aũ	-ūs

(adjective):

Non-pronominal forms of **-us**
positive degree
neuter		-u
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-us	-ūs		-i	-ios
genitive	-aus	-ių		-ios	-ių
dative	-iam	-iems		-iai	-ioms
accusative	-ų	-ius		-ią	-ias
instrumental	-iu	-iais		-ia	-iomis
locative	-iame	-iuose		-ioje	-iose
vocative	-us	-ūs		-i	-ios

comparative degree
neuter		-iaũ
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-èsnis	-esni̇̀		-èsnė	-èsnės
genitive	-èsnio	-esnių̃		-esnė̃s	-esnių̃
dative	-esniám	-esni̇́ems		-èsnei	-esnė̃ms
accusative	-èsnį	-esniùs		-èsnę	-esnès
instrumental	-esniù	-esniai̇̃s		-esnè	-esnėmi̇̀s
locative	-esniamè	-esniuosè		-èsnėje	-esnėsè

superlative degree
neuter		-iáusia
	masculine				feminine
	singular	plural	singular		plural
nominative	-iáusias	-iáusi	-iáusia		-iáusios
genitive	-iáusio	-iáusių	-iáusios		-iáusių
dative	-iáusiam	-iáusiems	-iáusiai		-iáusioms
accusative	-iáusią	-iáusius	-iáusią		-iáusias
instrumental	-iáusiu	-iáusiais	-iáusia		-iáusiomis
locative	-iáusiame	-iáusiuose	-iáusioje		-iáusiose

Pronominal forms of **-us**
positive degree
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-ùsis	-i̇́eji		-ióji	-iosios
genitive	-iojo	-ių̃jų		-iõsios	-ių̃jų
dative	-iájam	-i̇́esiems		-iajai	-iósioms
accusative	-ųjį	-iúosius		-iąją	-ią́sias
instrumental	-iúoju	-iai̇̃siais		-ią́ja	-iõsiomis
locative	-iãjame	-iuõsiuose		-iõjoje	-iõsiose
vocative	-ùsis	-i̇́eji		-ióji	-iosios

comparative degree
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-esnỹsis	-esni̇́eji		-esnióji	-èsniosios
genitive	-èsniojo	-esnių̃jų		-esniõsios	-esnių̃jų
dative	-esniájam	-esni̇́esiems		-èsniajai	-esniósioms
accusative	-èsnįjį	-esniúosius		-èsniąją	-esnią́sias
instrumental	-esniúoju	-esniai̇̃siais		-esnią́ja	-esniõsiomis
locative	-esniãjame	-esniuõsiuose		-esniõjoje	-esniõsiose

superlative degree
	masculine				feminine
	singular	plural	singular		plural
nominative	-iáusiasis	-iáusieji	-iáusioji		-iáusiosios
genitive	-iáusiojo	-iáusiųjų	-iáusiosios		-iáusiųjų
dative	-iáusiajam	-iáusiesiems	-iáusiajai		-iáusiosioms
accusative	-iáusiąjį	-iáusiuosius	-iáusiąją		-iáusiąsias
instrumental	-iáusiuoju	-iáusiaisiais	-iáusiąja		-iáusiosiomis
locative	-iáusiajame	-iáusiuosiuose	-iáusiojoje		-iáusiosiose

Etymology 3

From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending -uosius). From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ons; compare Latvian -us, Old Prussian -ans, Proto-Slavic *-y. From Proto-Indo-European *-ons (“accusative plural ending”), also reflected in Ancient Greek -ους (-ous), Latin -ōs, Sanskrit -आन् (-ān) and Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-ans).

Alternative forms

-ius
-uos, -iuos

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-us, -ùs

Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a- and u-stem nouns.
Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a-stem adjectives.

Derived terms

-uosius

Etymology 4

From Proto-Indo-European *-wṓs. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *-vъ. See also -usi.

Alternative forms

-ius

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-us

Used to form the past adverbial (padalyvis) participle
bū́ti (“to be”) → bùvo (“was”) → bùvus (“having been”)

slė̃pti (“hide”) → past frequentative slė̃pdavo (“hid”) → slė̃pdavus (“having hidden”)

Related terms

-ęs

References

^ Eugen Hill. (2013) 'Historical phonology in service of subgrouping. Two laws of final syllables in the common prehistory of baltic and slavonic'. Baltistica, volume 48, number 2, p. 161-204

Livvi

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us and Estonian -us.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-us/

Suffix

-us (front vowel variant -ys)

Used to form action nouns from verbs; -ion

Derived terms

Livvi terms suffixed with -us

pehmendys

tervehys

vellalližus

Middle English

Etymology 1

Suffix

-us

alternative form of -ous

Etymology 2

Suffix

-us

(West Midland) alternative form of -es.^[1]

References

^ S. Horobin; J. Smith (2002), An Introduction to Middle English, Edinburgh University Press, →ISBN, pages 104–105

Middle Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus.^[1] Cognate with Cornish -us.

Suffix

-us

-ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns

Derived terms

Middle Welsh terms suffixed with -us

Descendants

Welsh: -us

References

^ Morris Jones, John (1913), A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 153 (13), page 257

Northern Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Sami *-ōksë.

Pronunciation

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Suffix

-us

Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that is to have the verb's action performed on it.
‎vuošˈšat (“to cook”) + ‎-us → ‎vuoššus (“something to be cooked”)

‎muitalit (“to tell”) + ‎-us → ‎muitalus (“something to be told; story”)
Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that results from having the verb's action performed.
‎juohkit (“to divide”) + ‎-us → ‎juogus (“division, section”)

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.

When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive.

Inflection

For even-syllable stems:

Odd, no gradation

Nominative

-us

Genitive

-usa

Singular

Plural

Nominative

-us

Accusative

Genitive

Illative

Locative

Comitative

Essive

Possessive forms
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st person	-usan	-useamẹ	-useamẹt
2nd person	-usat	-useattẹ	-useattẹt
3rd person	-usis	-useaskkạ	-useasẹt

For odd-syllable stems:

Even a-stem, ss-s gradation

Nominative

-us

Genitive

-usa

Singular

Plural

Nominative

-us

Accusative

Genitive

Illative

Locative

Comitative

Essive

Possessive forms
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st person	-ussan	-ussame	-ussamet
2nd person	-ussat	-ussade	-ussadet
3rd person	-ussas	-ussaska	-ussaset

Derived terms

Northern Sami terms suffixed with -us

Old French

Alternative forms

-eus, -eux, -os, -ous

Etymology

From Latin -ōsus.

Suffix

-us

-ous, used for forming adjectives

Derived terms

Old French terms suffixed with -us

Descendants

Middle French: -eux, -eulx
- French: -eux, -ueux
  - → Danish: -øs
  - → Dutch: -eus
  - → German: -ös
  - → Norwegian: -øs
  - → Swedish: -ös
Norman: -eux
→ Middle English: -ous, -os, -ose, -ouse, -ows, -owse, -us, -ws, -ious, -uous (in some terms), -vous (in terms ending in /ˈeː/)
- English: -ous

Old Irish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-us/

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-us (suffixed pronoun)

her (object pronoun), it (in reference to a feminine noun)
them

Derived terms

Old Irish terms suffixed with -us

itius

Etymology 2

From Proto-Celtic *-es-tus.

Suffix

-us

alternative form of -as

Polish

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Masurized form of '-usz', or back-formation from '-uch'?”)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /us/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -us
Syllabification: -us

Suffix

-us m animal or m pers (noun-forming suffix)

derogatory suffix
‎sługa + ‎-us → ‎sługus
demonym suffix
‎Kraków + ‎-us → ‎krakus

Declension

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

Welsh

Etymology

From Middle Welsh -us, from Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus.^[1] Cognate with Cornish -us, Breton -us and English -ous.

Pronunciation

(North Wales) IPA^(key): /ɨ̞s/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɪs/

Suffix

-us (adjective-forming suffix, feminine singular -us, plural -us or (sometimes) -usion, comparative mwy -us or (sometimes) -usach, equative mor -us or (sometimes) -used, superlative mwyaf -us or (sometimes) -usaf)

forms adjectives often indicating a characteristic, propensity or abundance
‎blas (“taste”) + ‎-us → ‎blasus (“tasty”)

‎gwybod (“to know”) + ‎-us → ‎gwybodus (“knowledgeable”)

‎ffawd (“fate, fortune”) + ‎-us → ‎ffodus (“lucky, fortunate”)

Suffix

-us (adjective-forming suffix, feminine singular -us, plural -us, not comparable)

(chemistry) -ous; forms chemical compounds in inorganic nomenclature in which a specified chemical element has a lower oxidation number than in the equivalent compound whose name ends in the suffix -ig
asid nitrus ― nitrous acid, H NO₂ (vs. asid nitrig ― nitric acid, H NO₃)

Derived terms

Welsh terms suffixed with -us

References

^ Morris Jones, John (1913), A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 153 i 13

person	infixed			suffixed
See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used. Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
person	class A	class B	class C	suffixed
1 sg	m-^L	dom-^L, dam-^L		-um
2 sg	t-^L	dot-^L, dat-^L, dut-^L, dit-^L		-ut
3 sg m	a-^N, e-^N	d-^N	id-^N, did-^N, d-^N	-i, -it
3 sg f	s-^(N)	da-		-us
3 sg n	a-^L, e-^L	d-^L	id-^L, did-^L, d-^L	-i, -it
1 pl	n-	don-, dun-, dan-		-unn
2 pl	b-	dob-, dub-, dab-		-uib
3 pl	s-^(N)	da-		-us

Translingual

Etymology

Suffix

Derived terms

Ainu

Pronunciation

Suffix

Derived terms

Cornish

Etymology

Suffix

Derived terms

Esperanto

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Further reading

Estonian

Etymology

Suffix

Declension

Derived terms

Finnish

Etymology 1

Suffix

Usage notes

Declension

Alternative forms

Synonyms

Derived terms

References

Etymology 2

Suffix

Declension

Derived terms

References

Etymology 3

Suffix

Declension

Derived terms

Anagrams

Hungarian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Usage notes

Derived terms

See also

References

Ingrian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Suffix

Declension

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Suffix

Declension

Derived terms

References

Latin

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Suffix

Usage notes

Declension

Derived terms

Suffix

Usage notes

Declension

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Suffix

Usage notes

Declension

Descendants

Etymology 3

Suffix

Declension