-ak

See also: -ák and Appendix:Variations of "ak"

Abenaki

Etymology

From Proto-Algonquian *-aki.

Suffix

-ak

1. A suffix used to form the plurals of animate words.

   sips (“bird”) → sipsak (“birds”)

   wôbigo (“he is white”) → wôbigoak (“they are white”)

Usage notes

• -ak is the most common suffix used to form the plurals of animate words. It is often used to form the plurals of words ending in letters other than the semivowel w or the vowel a; it is sometimes used to form the plurals of words ending in w; it is almost never used to form the plurals of words ending in a.
• The other suffixes used to form the plurals of animate words are:
  • -ik, often used to form the plurals of words (especially nouns denoting people who have particular occupations or activities) which end in the consonant d or t (which causes the d or t to mutate into j: nodabônkad, "baker" → nodabônkajik, "bakers"); only rarely used to form the plurals of words ending in other letters (nodkwaag, notkwahag, "pilot" → nodkwaagik, notkwahagik, "pilots"),
  • -ok, used to form the plurals of many words ending in w (which it may suppress), and of some other words (which likely ended in w at an earlier stage of the language),
  • -k, used to form the plurals of almost all words that end in a, and of some words that end in other vowels or in the semivowel w; not used to form the plurals of words ending in consonants.
• The suffixes used to form the plurals of inanimate words are:
  • -al, the most common suffix used to form the plurals of inanimate words (paskhigan, "gun" → paskhiganal, "guns"), including most body parts and some words ending in the vowel a,
  • -il, used to form the plurals of some words ending in the consonant g or k; only rarely used to form the plurals of words ending in other letters,
  • -ol, used to form the plurals of some words ending in the semivowel w (which it suppresses) or other consonants (which likely ended in w at an earlier stage of the language),
  • -l, used to form the plurals of many words ending in vowels, including the semivowel w; not used to form the plurals of words ending in consonants.

References

• Joseph Laurent (1884), New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues, Quebec: Leger Brousseau, page 203
• Gordon M. Day (1994), Western Abenaki Dictionary (in Abenaki), volume 1&2

Basque

Etymology 1

Unknown. As the oblique plural forms include the vowel -e-, it has been suggested that it derives from Proto-Basque *-g, to which the epenthetic vowel was attached before case suffixes. Then, the intervocalic *-g- would be dropped due to its position.

Suffix

-ak

1. Absolutive plural suffix.

   Nire gurasoak oporretan daude. ― My parents are on holiday.

   Txakurrak katuak jan ditu. ― The dog has eaten the cats.

Declension

Basque inflectional suffixes

		indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive		-∅	-a	-ak	-ok
ergative		-(e)k	-ak	-ek
dative		-(r)i	-ari	-ei	-oi
genitive		-(r)en	-aren	-en	-on
comitative		-(r)ekin	-arekin	-ekin	-okin
causative		-(r)engatik	-arengatik	-engatik	-ongatik
benefactive		-(r)entzat	-arentzat	-entzat	-ontzat
instrumental		-(e)z	-az	-ez	-oz
inessive	anim	-(r)engan	-arengan	-engan	-ongan
	inan	-(e)tan	-an	-etan	-otan
locative	anim	―	―	―	―
	inan	-(e)tako	-(e)ko	-etako	-otako
allative	anim	-(r)engana	-arengana	-engana	-ongana
	inan	-(e)tara	-(e)ra	-etara	-otara
terminative	anim	-(r)enganaino	-arenganaino	-enganaino	-onganaino
	inan	-(e)taraino	-(e)raino	-etaraino	-otaraino
directive	anim	-(r)enganantz	-arenganantz	-enganantz	-onganantz
	inan	-(e)tarantz	-(e)rantz	-etarantz	-otarantz
destinative	anim	-(r)enganako	-arenganako	-enganako	-onganako
	inan	-(e)tarako	-(e)rako	-etarako	-otarako
ablative	anim	-(r)engandik	-arengandik	-engandik	-ongandik
	inan	-(e)tatik	-(e)tik	-etik	-otik
partitive		-(r)ik	―	―	―
prolative		-tzat	―	―	―

Etymology 2

From -a (singular definite article) + -k (ergative suffix).

Suffix

-ak

1. Ergative singular suffix.

   Txakurrak katuak jan ditu. ― The dog has eaten the cats.

Declension

Basque inflectional suffixes

		indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive		-∅	-a	-ak	-ok
ergative		-(e)k	-ak	-ek
dative		-(r)i	-ari	-ei	-oi
genitive		-(r)en	-aren	-en	-on
comitative		-(r)ekin	-arekin	-ekin	-okin
causative		-(r)engatik	-arengatik	-engatik	-ongatik
benefactive		-(r)entzat	-arentzat	-entzat	-ontzat
instrumental		-(e)z	-az	-ez	-oz
inessive	anim	-(r)engan	-arengan	-engan	-ongan
	inan	-(e)tan	-an	-etan	-otan
locative	anim	―	―	―	―
	inan	-(e)tako	-(e)ko	-etako	-otako
allative	anim	-(r)engana	-arengana	-engana	-ongana
	inan	-(e)tara	-(e)ra	-etara	-otara
terminative	anim	-(r)enganaino	-arenganaino	-enganaino	-onganaino
	inan	-(e)taraino	-(e)raino	-etaraino	-otaraino
directive	anim	-(r)enganantz	-arenganantz	-enganantz	-onganantz
	inan	-(e)tarantz	-(e)rantz	-etarantz	-otarantz
destinative	anim	-(r)enganako	-arenganako	-enganako	-onganako
	inan	-(e)tarako	-(e)rako	-etarako	-otarako
ablative	anim	-(r)engandik	-arengandik	-engandik	-ongandik
	inan	-(e)tatik	-(e)tik	-etik	-otik
partitive		-(r)ik	―	―	―
prolative		-tzat	―	―	―

Hungarian

Etymology

From -a- (linking vowel) +‎ -k (plural suffix).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɒk]

Suffix

-ak

2. (plural suffix) -s, -es

   ‎ház (“house”) + ‎-ak → ‎házak (“houses”)

   ‎piros (“red”) + ‎-ak → ‎pirosak (“red”)

   Az almák pirosak. ― The apples are red.

Usage notes

• (plural suffix) Variants:

  -k is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  ‎nő (“woman”) + ‎-k → ‎nők (“women”)

  ‎fa (“tree”) + ‎-k → ‎fák (“trees”)

  ‎csésze (“cup”) + ‎-k → ‎csészék (“cups”)

  -ak is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎ház (“house”) + ‎-ak → ‎házak (“houses”)

  -ok is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎pad (“bench”) + ‎-ok → ‎padok (“benches”)

  -ek is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ek → ‎kertek (“gardens”)

  ‎könyv (“book”) + ‎-ek → ‎könyvek (“books”)

  -ök is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎kör (“circle”) + ‎-ök → ‎körök (“circles”)

• Note that the plural form is not used after definite and indefinite numerals in Hungarian: három könyv (“three books”), néhány óra múlva (“in a few hours’ time”). There are very few (traditional, archaic) exceptions, including háromkirályok (“the Three Magi”), mindenszentek (“All Saints”), and certain archaic phrases with összes (“all”) and minden (“every”) (see their Usage notes).
• The regular plural suffix for back-vowel adjectives is -ak, for example okosak (“smart/clever ones”). On the other hand, ethnonyms take -ok (e.g. olaszok (“Italians”), see the back-vowel terms in their category), as well as some other adjectives, including privative (“…-less”) ones (formed with -talan, -atlan, or -tlan). Rounded front-vowel adjectives normally take -ek, for example zöldek (“green ones”), except for demonyms (see rounded front-vowel terms in their category).
• If a word can be both a noun and an adjective, the form of its ending gives information about its function, e.g. játékosok (“players”, noun) and játékosak (“playful”, adjective as part of a plural predicate). The same distinction also exists with words with rounded front vowels, e.g. ismerős: ismerősök (“acquaintances”, noun) and ismerősek (“familiar”, adjective as part of a plural predicate).

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Ilocano

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Austronesian *(i-)aku

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)aku

Proto-Philippine *akú

Ilocano -ak

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *akú, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)aku, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)aku.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (after words ending in consonants and sometimes vowels except /a/) /ak/
• IPA^(key): (after words ending in /a/ and sometimes other vowels) /ʔak/

Pronoun

-ak

1. First-person singular absolutive enclitic pronoun; I, me

   Pilipinoak. ― I am a Filipino.

   Kinagatak ti aso. ― The dog bit me.

Usage notes

• When attached to the enclitic -(e)n, the pronoun becomes -akon, reflecting its old form (see etymology above).

  Nanganakon. ― I already ate.

• The pronoun is often conflated with -nak in colloquial speech. See the definition of -nak for its proper usage.

Derived terms

• Igorotak

See also

Ilocano personal pronouns

Person	Number	Absolutive		Ergative	Oblique	Possessive
		Disjunctive	Enclitic	Enclitic3		bági form	kukua form
First	singular	siak	-ak	-ko, -k	kaniak	bagik	kukuak, kuak
	dual	data, sita1	-ta		kaniata, kadata	bagita	kukuata
	plural inclusive	datayo, sitayo1	-tayo, -tay		kaniatayo, kadatayo	bagitayo	kukuatayo
	plural exclusive	dakami, sikami1	-kami, -kam	-mi	kaniami, kadakami	bagimi	kukuami
Second	singular	sika	-ka	-mo, -m	kaniam, kenka	bagim	kukuam
	plural	dakayo, sikayo1	-kayo, -kay	-yo	kaniayo, kadakayo	bagiyo	kukuayo
Third	singular	isu, isuna	Ø2	-na	kaniana, kenkuana	bagina	kukuana
	plural	isuda	-da		kaniada, kadakuada	bagida	kukuada

¹Regional variants.
²Null morpheme: there is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used.
³Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers.

Fused enclitics

Actor	Patient
	siak	data	datayo	dakami	sika	dakayo	isu5	isuda
siak	bagik4	—	—	—	-ka	-kayo	-ko, -k	-ko ida, -k ida
data	—	bagita4	—	—	—	—	-ta	-ta ida
datayo	—	—	bagitayo4	—	—	—	-tayo	-tayo ida
dakami	—	—	—	bagimi4	-daka	-dakayo	-mi	-mi ida
sika	-nak	—	—	-nakami	bagim4	—	-mo, -m	-mo ida, -m ida
dakayo	-dak	-data	—	-dakami	—	bagiyo4	-yo	-yo ida
isu	-nak	-nata	-natayo	-nakami	-naka	-nakayo	bagina4, -na	-na ida
isuda	-dak	-data	-datayo	-dakami	-daka	-dakayo	-da	bagida4, -da ida

⁴Reflexive pronouns use the bagí form.
⁵ isu or isuna may also be added after the enclitics in this column.

Munsee

Etymology

From Proto-Algonquian *-aki.

Suffix

-ak

1. A suffix used to form the plurals of animate words.

   lúnuw (“man”) → lunúwak (“men”)

   alóhkeew (“he/she works”) → alohkéewak (“they work”)

Old Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-kos

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos

Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀkas

Proto-Slavic *-akъ

Old Polish -ak

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-akъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /aːk/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ɒk/

Suffix

-ak m

1. used to form nouns

Derived terms

Old Polish terms suffixed with -ak

pszonak

Descendants

• Polish: -ak
• Silesian: -ŏk

Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-h₂

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂

Proto-Indo-European *-kos

Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos

Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀkas

Proto-Slavic *-akъ

Old Polish -ak

Polish -ak

Inherited from Old Polish -ak.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ak/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ak
• Syllabification: -ak

Suffix

-ak m

2. used to form demonyms

   ‎Warszawa + ‎-ak → ‎warszawiak

   ‎Kraków + ‎-ak → ‎krakowiak

   ‎Poznań + ‎-ak → ‎poznaniak

4. used to form various nouns, many of them colloquial

   ‎spacer + ‎-ak → ‎spacerniak

   ‎miedź + ‎-ak → ‎miedziak

   ‎buzia + ‎-ak → ‎buziak

   ‎prosty + ‎-ak → ‎prostak

   ‎pić + ‎-ak → ‎pijak

6. used to form names of dances and sports

   ‎szczypiorek + ‎-ak → ‎szczypiorniak

   ‎Kujawy + ‎-ak → ‎kujawiak

   ‎Kraków + ‎-ak → ‎krakowiak

8. used to form diminutives of animals

   Synonyms: -ę, -ko

   ‎gęś + ‎-ak → ‎gęsiak

   ‎kaczka + ‎-ak → ‎kaczak

Usage notes

This suffix usually softens the preceding consonant, causing an i or y to be added.

Declension

Personal declension (e.g. demonyms):

Declension of -ak

	singular	plural
nominative	-ak	-acy, -aki1
genitive	-aka	-aków
dative	-akowi	-akom
accusative	-aka	-aków
instrumental	-akiem	-akami
locative	-aku	-akach
vocative	-aku	-acy

¹Deprecative.

Animate declension (e.g. dances, sports, some colloquial nouns):

Declension of -ak

	singular	plural
nominative	-ak	-aki
genitive	-aka	-aków
dative	-akowi	-akom
accusative	-aka	-aki
instrumental	-akiem	-akami
locative	-aku	-akach
vocative	-aku	-aki

Inanimate declension (e.g. some colloquial nouns):

Declension of -ak

	singular	plural
nominative	-ak	-aki
genitive	-aka	-aków
dative	-akowi	-akom
accusative	-ak	-aki
instrumental	-akiem	-akami
locative	-aku	-akach
vocative	-aku	-aki

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -ak

Adamiak

adapciak

Adasiak

adopciak

agenciak

alfonsiak

Ambroziak

amnezjak

andrusiak

Andruszczak

Andryszczak

Antczak

Antosiak

arseniak

Augustyniak

Austriak

automaniak

Babiak

babrok

bagniak

bajok

bajtlok

baják

Banasiak

Banaszak

baniak

Baraniak

barchaniák

barciak

Barszczak

bastrak

bawełniak

bazgrok

beblok

beciak

bejdok

bejdák

bełták

benzyniak

betoniak

bezdomniak

bezpieczniak

bęsiák

bidak

biedak

biedniak

Bielak

bielak

bijak

blasok

blaszak

blejdok

bliźniak

Błaszak

błędniak

błotniak

boczniak

bolak

borak

borowiak

bosak

brodawczak

brzydok

buciak

bujak

Burak

burcok

burcák

buziak

byczak

bydlak

bystrzak

Bzdak

bziák

bździak

calak

cebrak

cebulak

cedzak

cepok

charłak

cherlak

chlaptok

chlebak

chłędak

chłoniak

chłopak

chłopczak

chodak

chojak

chojniak

chojrak

cholewiok

chrześniak

chrzęstniak

chrápak

chuchrak

chuderlak

chudziak

chwytak

chytrok

ciapak

ciaptok

ciemniak

ciemok

cieplak

ciesak

ciosak

ciupok

ciyrniok

cłapok

cudak

cwaniak

cwartak

cycok

cyfrak

-czak

czarniak

czepiak

czerniak

Czerniak

czerpak

czerwonak

czerwoniak

czołniak

czteraki

czubak

czuwak

czworak

czwórniak

czytak

cébulak

ćmok

darembak

debeściak

deptak

desperak

despetniok

dębniak

dłubok

dobijak

dostawczak

drapak

drewniak

drobniak

druciak

drzewiak

drzystok

Dudziak

dupok

duszák

dusáki

dwojak

dworak

dwójniak

dwudniak

dwupierścieniak

dwuuszniák

dylák

dyrdok

dziadák

dzieciak

dzierżak

dziewczak

dziobak

dziwak

filcak

flisak

futrzak

galak

galicyják

gałęziak

garniak

Gąszczak

gąszczak

gizdok

glejak

gliniok

głowiak

główcoki

gnojok

goryczak

górniak

gówniak

grajdok

grasiczak

graślaga

graślok

groszak

gruczolak

gruźliczak

gryczak

gryzak

gulak

gumiak

guniáki

guzdrok

gwiaździak

iglak

inteligenciak

Polish terms suffixed with -ak (diminutive of an animal)

cielak

gęsiak

kaczak

kociak

psiak

Further reading

• “-ak”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[1] (in Polish)

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-kos

Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kas

Proto-Slavic *-kъ

Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ

Serbo-Croatian -ak

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ak/

Suffix

-ak (Cyrillic spelling -ак)

1. Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a performer, feature, human relation, result of an action, object, diminutive or a proper name.

Derived terms

Serbo-Croatian terms suffixed with -ak (nominal)

badnjak

See also

• -jak
• -njak

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ak/

Suffix

-ak (Cyrillic spelling -ак)

1. Suffix appended to the present stem of verbs to form an adjective denoting a feature or a dimension.
   • glad (“to smooth”) + -ak → gladak (“smooth”).
   • ljub (“to love”) + -ak → ljubak (“amiable”).
   • Proto-Slavic *plyti + -ak → plitak (“shallow”).

Derived terms

Serbo-Croatian terms suffixed with -ak (-able)

pitak

See also

• -ek
• -ok

Turkish

Alternative forms

• -ek

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Turkic *-gak

Ottoman Turkish ـاق

Turkish -ak

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـاق, from Proto-Turkic *-gak.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ak/

Suffix

-ak

1. Creates nouns out of verbs.
   • yat- (“to lie down”) + -ak → yatak (“bed”).
   • tara- (“to comb”) + -ak → tarak (“comb”).

Derived terms

Turkish terms suffixed with -ak

aylak

barınak

bıngıldak

çatlak

dayanak

dokunaklı

döşek

durak

duvak

ıslak

kavşak

kayak

kaydırak

korkak

korkakça

odak

oğlak

oturak

parıldak

parlak

sağlak

solak

susak

tapınak

taslak

topak

uçak

ulak

uyak

yarak

yatak

yığınak

yuvarlak

Unami

Suffix

-ak anim pl

1. Forms plural animate subjects (or objects if agentive/inversive suffixes precede it) of verbs.

   ‎k- (“you”, second-person object prefix) + ‎wëwah- (“to know”, verb root) + ‎-a (directive suffix) + ‎-w (“him/her”, third-person singular suffix) + ‎-ak → ‎kuwahaok (“you know them”)

2. Forms plurals of animate nouns.

   ‎chulëns (“bird”) + ‎-àk + ‎-ak → ‎chulënsàk (“birds”)

Derived terms

• -aok (rebracketing of -a (directive suffix) -w (3rd-person suffix) and -ak; [to] them)
• -yòk (rebracketing with -w)