Greyhound Lines
 | |
 Greyhound bus in Framingham, Massachusetts, 2025 | |
| Parent | Flix SE |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1914 by Carl Wickman in Hibbing, Minnesota, U.S |
| Headquarters | 350 North Saint Paul Street Dallas, Texas, U.S. |
| Service area |
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| Service type | Intercity bus service |
| Alliance | FlixBus |
| Routes | 123 routes[1] (includes Greyhound Express routes) |
| Stations | 230 (company operated)[2] |
| Fleet | 1,700 motorcoaches,[3] MCI D45 CRT, MCI D4505, VanHool CX45 and Prevost X3-45 |
| Fuel type | Diesel |
Chief executive | Kai Boysan (President and CEO) |
| Website | greyhound |
Greyhound Lines, Inc. is an American operator of intercity bus services. Greyhound operates the largest intercity bus network in the United States, and also operates charter and Amtrak Thruway services, as well as intercity buses in Mexico, and also in Canada. Based in Dallas, Texas, Greyhound is a subsidiary of Flix SE, owner of FlixBus. Greyhound serves over 1,600 American destinations.[2][4] The company's first route began in Hibbing, Minnesota, in 1914 and the company adopted the Greyhound name in 1929.
History
[edit]1914–1930: early years
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In 1914, Eric Wickman, a 27-year-old Swedish immigrant, was laid off from his job as a drill operator at a mine in Alice, Minnesota. He became a Hupmobile salesman in Hibbing, Minnesota, and when he could not sell the first seven-passenger Hupmobile that he received, he began using it along with Swedish immigrant Andy "Bus Andy" Anderson and C. A. A. "Arvid" Heed to transport iron ore miners two miles from Hibbing to Alice for 15 cents per ride.[5][6][7][8] Wickman made $2.25 on his first run.[5]
Wickman almost quit after the first winter due to the harsh driving conditions in Minnesota. However, he agreed to continue on by reducing his driving duties.[9] In 1915, he added a 15-mile route to Nashwauk, Minnesota.[9] In December 1915, Wickman merged his company with that of 19-year-old Ralph Bogan, who was running a similar transportation service from Hibbing to Duluth, Minnesota, to form the Mesaba Transportation Company.[7] By 1918, the company had 18 vehicles and annual income of $40,000.[9]
In 1922, Wickman and Heed sold their interests in the company to Bogan and Anderson. Wickman and Heed then moved to Duluth and acquired White Bus Lines. In 1924, Wickman formed Northland, which acquired the Superior-White Company; its founder, Orville S. Caesar, who had strong business acumen, mechanical skills, and ambition, eventually became president of the company. In 1925, the company completed the $2.5 million acquisition of eight independent bus lines in Minnesota. In 1928, Anderson and Bogan disbanded and sold most of the routes of the Mesaba Transportation Company to Northland.[7]
The company continued to expand and, in 1928, it had income of $6 million and was offering trips across the United States.[7] By this point, the company had 350 buses and 504 stations.[10] In 1929, the company acquired the Yelloway-Pioneer System, which in 1928 made the first transcontinental bus trip,[7][11] and The Pickwick Corporation.[7]
In 1929, the company acquired additional interests in Gray Line Worldwide and part of the Colonial Motor Coach Company to form Eastern Greyhound Lines.[7] It also acquired an interest in Northland Transportation Company and renamed it Northland Greyhound Lines.[7]
1930–1945
[edit]
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By 1930, more than 100 bus lines had been consolidated into the parent company, then called Motor Transit Corporation. Recognizing the need for a more memorable name, the partners of the Motor Transit Corporation changed its name to The Greyhound Corporation after the Greyhound name used by earlier bus lines. According to company lore, that name came from a driver, Ed Stone, who was reminded of a greyhound when he saw a passing bus in a reflection.[12][13]
Also in 1930, the company moved from Duluth, Minnesota to Chicago, Illinois.[14]
The business suffered during the Great Depression, and by 1931 was over $1 million in debt. As the 1930s progressed and the economy improved, Greyhound began to prosper again.[9]
In 1934, intercity bus lines, of which Greyhound was the largest carried approximately 400 million passengers — nearly as many passengers as the Class I railroads. The film It Happened One Night (1934) — about an heiress (Claudette Colbert) traveling by Greyhound bus with a reporter (Clark Gable)[15] — has been credited by the company for spurring bus travel nationwide.[16]
In 1935, national intercity bus ridership climbed 50% to 651,999,000 passengers, surpassing the volume of passengers carried by the Class I railroads for the first time.[17] In 1935, Wickman reported record profits of $8 million. In 1936, already the largest bus carrier in the United States, Greyhound began taking delivery of 306 new buses.[17]
In 1941, the company acquired Greyhound Canada.[16]
Between 1937 and 1945, Greyhound built many new stations and acquired new buses in the period in the late Art Deco style known as Streamline Moderne.[18][19] For terminals, Greyhound retained architects including William Strudwick Arrasmith and George D. Brown.[20] Multiple Streamline Moderne-style Greyhound stations are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including stations in Blytheville, Arkansas; Cleveland, Ohio; Columbia, South Carolina; Evansville, Indiana, Jackson, Mississippi, and Washington, D.C.
Greyhound worked with the Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company for its streamlined Series 700 buses, first for Series 719 prototypes in 1934, and from 1937 as the exclusive customer for Yellow's Series 743 bus (which Greyhound named the "Super Coach"). Greyhound bought a total of 1,256 buses between 1937 and 1939.[21]
By the beginning of World War II, the company had 4,750 stations and nearly 10,000 employees.[22]
1945–1983: expansion, desegregation, and diversification
[edit]
Wickman retired as president of the Greyhound Corporation in 1946 and was replaced by his long-time partner Orville S. Caesar.[9] Wickman died at the age of 66 in 1954.[23]
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Greyhound commissioned industrial designer Raymond Loewy and General Motors to design several distinctive buses from the 1930s through the 1950s.[24][25][26] Loewy's first was the Yellow Coach PDG-4101, the Greyhound Silversides produced in 1940-1941. Production was suspended during World War II. When the "Silversides" buses resumed production in 1947, it was renamed GM PD 3751. PD 3751 production continued through 1948.[27] In 1954, the first of Greyhound's distinctive hump-backed buses was introduced. In 1944, Loewy had produced drawings for the GM GX-1, a full double-decker parlor bus with the first prototype built in 1953.[28] The PD-4501 Scenicruiser was designed by Roland E. Gegoux and built by General Motors as model PD-4501. The front of the bus was markedly lower than its rear section.[29]
After World War II, and the building of the Interstate Highway System beginning in 1956, automobile travel became a preferred mode of travel in the United States.[14] This, combined with the increasing affordability of air travel, led to a decline in business for Greyhound and other intercity bus carriers.[14]
In October 1953, Greyhound acquired the Tennessee Coach Company's entire operation, and the negotiations for the Blue Ridge Lines, and its affiliate White Star Lines, that operated between Cleveland and the Mid Atlantic Seaboard.[30]
Freedom Rides and the civil rights movement
[edit]In 1955, the Interstate Commerce Commission ruled in the case of Keys v. Carolina Coach Co. that U.S. interstate bus operations, such as Greyhound's, could not be segregated by race.[31] In 1960, in the case of Boynton v. Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court found that an African American had been wrongfully convicted for trespassing in a "whites only" terminal area.[32]
In May 1961, Civil Rights Movement activists organized interracial Freedom Rides as proof of the desegregation rulings. On May 14, a mob attacked a pair of buses (a Greyhound and a Trailways) traveling from Washington, D.C., to New Orleans, Louisiana, and slashed the Greyhound bus's tires.[33] Several miles outside of Anniston, Alabama, the mob forced the Greyhound bus to stop, broke its windows, and firebombed it.[34] The mob held the bus' doors shut, intending to burn the riders to death. Sources disagree, but either an exploding fuel tank[34] or an undercover state investigator brandishing a revolver[35] caused the mob to retreat. When the riders escaped the bus, the mob beat them, while warning shots fired into the air by highway patrolmen prevented them from being lynched.[34] Additional Freedom Riders were beaten by a mob at the Montgomery, Alabama station.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964's Title II and Title III broadened protections beyond federally regulated carriers such as Greyhound, to include non-discrimination in hotels, restaurants, and other public accommodations, as well as state and local government buildings.[36]
Late 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s
[edit]Later in the 1960s, Greyhound ridership declined and Greyhound used the profitable bus operations to invest in other industries.[14]
In 1966, Gerald H. Trautman became president and CEO of the company.[37][38]
In 1970, the company acquired Armour and Company meat-packing company, which owned the Dial deodorant soap brand, for $400 million.[37]
In 1971, Greyhound moved its headquarters to Phoenix, Arizona.[37]
The company also acquired Traveller's Express money orders, MCI and TMC bus manufacturing companies,[39] and airliner leasing.
In the late 1970s, Greyhound began hiring African American and female drivers for the first time.[40]
In 1972, Greyhound introduced the unlimited mileage Ameripass. The pass was initially marketed as offering "99 days for $99" or, transportation to anywhere at any time for a dollar a day. For decades, it was a popular choice for people traveling across the U.S. on a budget.[41] Over time, Greyhound raised the price of the pass, shortened its validity period and rebranded it as the Discovery Pass, until it was discontinued in 2012.[41]
Greyhound acquired Premier Cruise Line in 1984.[42] Between 1985 and 1993, Premier operated as the "Official Cruise Line of Walt Disney World" with onboard Disney characters.[43]
1983–2001: consolidation, strikes, and bankruptcies
[edit]1983 Greyhound drivers' strike
[edit]In 1983, Greyhound operated a fleet of 3,800 buses and carried about 60% of the intercity bus-travel market in the United States.[44]
Starting November 2, 1983, Greyhound suffered a major and bitter drivers' strike action.[45][46] A fatality occurred in Zanesville, Ohio, when a replacement driver ran over a striking worker at a picket line.[47][48] A new contract was ratified on December 19, 1983 and drivers returned to work the next day.[49]
1986–1990: spin-off, merger, and first bankruptcy
[edit]In early 1987, the bus line was acquired by an investor group led by Fred Currey, a former executive of rival Continental Trailways, who became CEO of Greyhound and relocated its headquarters to Dallas, Texas.[50]
In February 1987, Greyhound Lines' new ownership and the Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU) agreed on a new, 3-year contract.[51]
In June 1987, Greyhound Lines acquired Trailways, Inc. (formerly Continental Trailways), the largest member of the rival Trailways Transportation System, effectively consolidating into a national bus service. Greyhound was required by the Interstate Commerce Commission to maintain coordinated schedules with other scheduled service operators in the U.S.[52][53]
Between 1987 and 1990, Greyhound Lines' former parent continued to be called The Greyhound Corporation, confusing passengers and investors alike. The Greyhound Corporation retained Premier Cruise Lines and ten non-bus subsidiaries using the Greyhound name, such as Greyhound Leisure Services, Inc. (an operator of airport and cruise ship duty-free shops), and Greyhound Exhibits. In March 1990, The Greyhound Corporation changed its name to Greyhound Dial Corporation.[54] Because Greyhound Dial's switchboard continued to get questions from misdirected bus passengers, it changed its name to The Dial Corporation in March 1991, to eliminate any association with bus travel.[55]
1990 Greyhound drivers' strike
[edit]In early 1990, the drivers' contract from 1987 expired at the end of its three-year term. In March, the ATU began a strike action against Greyhound. The 1990 drivers' strike was similar in its bitterness to the strike of 1983, with violence against both strikers and their replacement workers. One striker in California was killed by a Greyhound bus driven by a strikebreaker, and a shot was fired at a Greyhound bus.[56] While Greyhound CEO Fred Currey argued that "no American worth his salt negotiates with terrorists," ATU leader Edward M. Strait responded that management's failure to negotiate amounted to "putting the negotiations back into the hands of terrorists."[57] During the strike by its 6,300 drivers, Greyhound idled much of its fleet of 3,949 buses and cancelled 80% of its routes.[58]
At the same time, Greyhound was having to contend with the rise of low-cost airlines such as Southwest Airlines, which further reduced the market for long-distance inter-city bus transportation. Without the financial strength provided in the past by a parent company, the strike's lower revenues and higher costs for security and labor-law penalties caused Greyhound to file for bankruptcy in June 1990.[59][60][61][62][63] The strike was not settled until May 1993, 38 months later, under terms favorable to Greyhound. While the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) had awarded damages for unfair labor practices to the strikers, this liability was discharged during bankruptcy reorganization. Greyhound agreed to pay $22 million in back wages to union drivers, recall 550 of the remaining strikers, reinstate most of the 200 strikers who were fired for alleged misconduct, and increase hourly pay for drivers to $16.55 from $13.83 by March 1998.[64][65][66]
Early 1990s: bankruptcy and antitrust cases
[edit]In August 1991, Greyhound emerged from bankruptcy by which time it had shrunk its overall workforce to 7,900 employees from 12,000 pre-bankruptcy, and trimmed its fleet to 2,750 buses and 3,600 drivers.[67][68][69][70][71]
In August 1992, Greyhound canceled its bus terminal license (BTL) agreements with other carriers at 200 terminals, and imposed the requirement that Greyhound be the sole-seller of the tenant's bus tickets within a 25-mile radius of such a Greyhound terminal.[72] In 1995, the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division brought suit to stop this practice, alleging that it was an illegal restraint of trade, bad for consumers, and reduced competition.[72] In February 1996, the DOJ won its case, and Greyhound agreed to permit its tenants to sell tickets nearby and permit its tenants to honor interline tickets with competitors.[73]
Greyhound's total revenues in 1994 were $616 million.[72] At that time, the company was offering $10 fares due to competition.[74]
In September 1998, Greyhound promised to make accommodations for disabled passengers, including equipping most buses with wheelchair lifts.[75][76]
2001: Trailways-Laidlaw mergers and bankruptcy
[edit]
In the late 1990s, Greyhound Lines acquired two more members of the National Trailways Bus System. The company purchased Carolina Trailways in 1997,[77] followed by the intercity operations of Southeastern Trailways in 1998.[78] Following the acquisitions, most of the remaining members of the Trailways System began interlining cooperatively with Greyhound, discontinued their scheduled route services, diversified into charters and tours, or went out of business altogether.
On September 3, 1997, Burlington, Ontario–based transportation conglomerate Laidlaw announced it would buy Greyhound Canada, Greyhound's Canadian operations, for US$72 million.[79]
In October 1998, Laidlaw announced it would acquire the U.S. operations of Greyhound Lines, Inc., including Carolina Trailways and other Greyhound affiliates, for about $470 million.[80][81][82] The acquisition was completed in March 1999.[83]
In June 2001, after incurring heavy losses through its investments in Greyhound Lines and other parts of its diversified business, Laidlaw filed for bankruptcy protection in both the U.S. and Canada.[84][85][86]
