Chinese Communist Party
| Communist Party of China | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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.svg) "Communist Party of China" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中国共产党 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中國共產黨 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Abbreviation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 中共 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Zhōnggòng | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Tibetan name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tibetan | ཀྲུང་གོ་གུང་ཁྲན་ཏང | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Zhuang name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhuang | Cunghgoz Gungcanjdangj | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mongolian name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mongolian Cyrillic | Дундад улсын (Хятадын) Эв хамт (Kоммунист) Нам | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ (ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ) ᠡᠪ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤ (ᠺᠣᠮᠮᠤᠶᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ) ᠨᠠᠮ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Uyghur name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Uyghur | جۇڭگو كوممۇنىستىك پارتىيىسى | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Communist Party of China (CPC),[2] commonly known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),[3] is the founding and sole governing party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Founded in 1921, the CCP won the Chinese Civil War against the Kuomintang and proclaimed the establishment of the PRC under the chairmanship of Mao Zedong in October 1949. The CCP has since governed China and has had absolute control over the country's armed forces and law enforcement. As of 2025[update], the CCP has more than 101 million members, making it the second largest political party by membership in the world.
In 1921, Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao founded the CCP with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International. Although the CCP aligned with the Kuomintang (KMT) during its initial years, the rise of the KMT's right-wing under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek and subsequent massacres of tens of thousands of CCP members resulted in a split and a prolonged civil war between the CCP and KMT. During the next ten years of guerrilla warfare, Mao Zedong rose to become the most influential figure in the CCP and the party established a strong base among the rural peasantry with its land reform policies. Support for the CCP continued to grow throughout the Second Sino-Japanese War. After the Japanese surrender in 1945, the CCP emerged triumphant in the communist revolution against the Nationalist government. The CCP established the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949, and the remnants of the Nationalist government retreated to Taiwan shortly after.
Mao Zedong remained the most influential member of the CCP until his death in 1976. Under Mao, the party completed its land reform program, launched a series of five-year plans, and eventually split with the Soviet Union. Although Mao attempted to purge the party of elements deemed capitalist or reactionary during the Cultural Revolution, these policies were only briefly continued by the Gang of Four following his death before a less radical faction seized control. During the 1980s, Deng Xiaoping directed the CCP away from Maoist orthodoxy and towards reform and opening up. Since the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the CCP has focused on maintaining its relations with the governing parties of the remaining communist states. The CCP has also established relations with several non-communist parties, including dominant nationalist parties of many developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, as well as social democratic parties in Europe.
As a communist party, the CCP officially seeks to adapt Marxism–Leninism to Chinese material conditions and present-day circumstances, a process it refers to as socialism with Chinese characteristics. The party is organized based on democratic centralism, a principle that entails open policy discussion on the condition of unity among party members in upholding the agreed-upon decision. The highest body of the CCP is the National Congress, convened every five years. When the National Congress is not in session, the Central Committee is the highest body, but since that body usually only meets once a year, most duties and responsibilities are vested in the Politburo and its Standing Committee. Members of the latter are regarded as the party's and the state's top leadership.
Today the party's leader holds the offices of general secretary (responsible for civilian party duties, also the top rank official), chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) (commander-in-chief of the military), and president of China (a largely ceremonial position). Because of these posts, the party leader is seen as the country's "paramount leader". The current leader is Xi Jinping, who was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee held on 15 November 2012 and has been reelected twice, on 25 October 2017 by the 19th Central Committee and on 10 October 2022 by the 20th Central Committee.
History
Founding and early history
The October Revolution and Marxist theory inspired the founding of the CCP.[4]: 114 Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao were among the first to publicly support Leninism and world revolution. Both regarded the October Revolution in Russia as groundbreaking, believing it to herald a new era for oppressed countries everywhere.[5]
Some historical analysis views the May Fourth Movement as the beginning of the revolutionary struggle that led to the founding of the People's Republic of China.[6]: 22 Following the movement, trends towards social transformation increased.[7]: 14 Writing in 1939, Mao Zedong stated that the Movement had shown that the bourgeois revolution against imperialism and China had developed to a new stage, but that the proletariat would lead the revolution's completion.[7]: 20 The May Fourth Movement led to the establishment of radical intellectuals who went on to mobilize peasants and workers into the CCP and gain the organizational strength that would solidify the success of the Chinese Communist Revolution.[8] Chen and Li were among the most influential promoters of Marxism in China during the May Fourth period.[7]: 7 The CCP itself embraces the May Fourth Movement and views itself as part of the movement's legacy.[9]: 24
Study circles were, according to Cai Hesen, "the rudiments [of our party]".[10] Several study circles were established during the New Culture Movement, but by 1920 many grew sceptical about their ability to bring about reforms.[11] China's intellectual movements were fragmented in the early 1920s.[12]: 17 The May Fourth Movement and the New Culture Movement had identified issues of broad concern to Chinese progressives, including anti-imperialism, support for nationalism, support for democracy, promotion of feminism, and rejection of traditional values.[12]: 17 Proposed solutions among Chinese progressives differed significantly, however.[12]: 17
The CCP's founding congress commenced on 23 July 1921.[13][14]: 229 At the time, there were 57 members of the CCP and 13 Chinese delegates present at the founding.[15] While it was originally held in a house in the Shanghai French Concession, French police interrupted the meeting on 30 July[16] and the congress was moved to a tourist boat on South Lake in Jiaxing, Zhejiang province.[16] Neither Li Dazhao nor Chen Duxiu attended,[16] the latter sending a personal representative in his stead.[16] The resolutions of the congress called for the establishment of a communist party as a branch of the Communist International (Comintern) and elected Chen as its leader. Chen then served as the first general secretary of the CCP.[16]
The Soviets hoped to foster pro-Soviet forces in East Asia to fight against anti-communist countries, particularly Japan. They attempted to contact the warlord Wu Peifu but failed.[17][18] The Soviets then contacted the Kuomintang (KMT), which was leading the Guangzhou government parallel to the Beiyang government. On 6 October 1923, the Comintern sent Mikhail Borodin to Guangzhou, and the Soviets established friendly relations with the KMT. The Central Committee of the CCP,[19] Soviet leader Joseph Stalin,[20] and the Comintern[21] all hoped that the CCP would eventually control the KMT and called their opponents "rightists".[22][c] KMT leader Sun Yat-sen eased the conflict between the communists and their opponents. CCP membership grew tremendously after the 4th congress in 1925, from 900 to 2,428.[24] The CCP still treats Sun Yat-sen as one of the founders of their movement and claim descent from him[25] as he is viewed as a proto-communist[26] and the economic element of Sun's ideology was socialism.[27] Sun stated, "Our Principle of Livelihood is a form of communism".[28]
The communists dominated the left wing of the KMT and struggled for power with the party's right-wing factions.[22] When Sun Yat-sen died in March 1925, he was succeeded by a rightist, Chiang Kai-shek, who initiated moves to marginalize the position of the communists.[22] Chiang, Sun's former assistant, was not actively anti-communist at that time,[29] even though he hated the theory of class struggle and the CCP's seizure of power.[23] The communists proposed removing Chiang's power.[30] When Chiang gradually gained the support of Western countries, the conflict between him and the communists became more and more intense. Chiang asked the Kuomintang to join the Comintern to rule out the secret expansion of communists within the KMT, while Chen Duxiu hoped that the communists would completely withdraw from the KMT.[31]
In April 1927, both Chiang and the CCP were preparing for conflict.[32] Fresh from the success of the Northern Expedition to overthrow the warlords, Chiang Kai-shek turned on the communists, who by now numbered in the tens of thousands across China.[33] Ignoring the orders of the Wuhan-based KMT government, he marched on Shanghai, a city controlled by communist militias. Although the communists welcomed Chiang's arrival, he turned on them, massacring 5,000[d] with the aid of the Green Gang.[33][36][37] Chiang's army then marched on Wuhan but was prevented from taking the city by CCP General Ye Ting and his troops.[38] Chiang's allies also attacked communists; for example, in Beijing, Li Dazhao and 19 other leading communists were executed by Zhang Zuolin.[39][34] Angered by these events, the peasant movement supported by the CCP became more violent. Ye Dehui, a famous scholar, was killed by communists in Changsha, and in revenge, KMT general He Jian and his troops gunned down hundreds of peasant militiamen.[40] That May, tens of thousands of communists and their sympathizers were killed by KMT troops, with the CCP losing approximately 15,000 of its 25,000 members.